
Class. 

Book _J1_ 



37th Congress, ) HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. ( Ex. Doc. 



1st Session. 



MESSAGE 



PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES 



TWO HOUSES OF CONGRESS, 



THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE FIRST SESSION 



THE THIRTY-SEVENTH CONGRESS. 



WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 

1861. 



£ 



A - 
"0> 



In the House of Representatives of the United States, 

July 9, 1861. 
Resolved, That there be printed for the use of the House twenty -five thousand copies of 

the message of the President of the United States, and the accompanying documents. 

EM. ETHERIDGE, Clerk. 



MESSAGE. 



FeUmv-citizens of the Senate and 

House of Representatives : 

Having been convened on an extraordinary occasion, as authorized 
by the Constitution, your attention is not called to any ordinary sub- 
ject of legislation. 

At the beginning of the present presidential term, four months 
ago, the functions of the federal government were found to be 
generally suspended within the several States of South Carolina, 
Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Florida, excepting 
only those of the Post Office Department. 

Within these States all the forts, arsenals, dock-yards, custom- 
houses, and the like, including the movable and stationary property 
in and about them, had been seized, and were held in open hostility 
to this government, excepting only Forts Pickens, Taylor, and Jef- 
ferson, on and near the Florida coast, and Fort Sumter, in Charles- 
ton harbor, South Carolina. The forts thus seized had been put in 
improved condition ; new ones had been built, and armed forces 
had been organized, and were organizing, all avowedly with the 
same hostile purpose. 

The forts remaining in the possession of the federal government in 
and near these States were either besieged or menaced by warlike 
preparations, and especially Fort Sumter was nearly surrounded by 
well-protected hostile batteries, with guns equal in quality to the 
best of its own, and outnumbering the latter as perhaps ten to one. 
A disproportionate share of the federal muskets and rifles had some- 
how found their way into these States, and had been seized to be 
used against the government. Accumulations of the public revenue, 
lying within them, had been seized for the same object. The navy 
was scattered in distant seas, leaving but a very small part of it within 



4 PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE. 

the immediate reach of the government. Officers of the federal army 
and navy had resigned in great numbers; and of those resigning, a 
large proportion had taken up arms against the government. Simul- 
taneously, and in connexion with all this, the purpose to sever the 
Federal Union was openly avowed. In accordance with this pur- 
pose, an ordinance had been adopted in each of these States, declaring 
the States, respectively, to be separated from the National Union. 
A formula for instituting a combined government of these States had 
been promulgated; and this illegal organization, in the character of 
confederate States, was already invoking recognition, aid, and inter- 
vention, from foreign Powers. 

Finding this condition of things, and believing it to be an impera- 
tive duty upon the incoming Executive to prevent, if possible, the 
consummation of such attempt to destroy the Federal Union, a choice 
of means to that end became indispensable. This choice was made, 
and was declared in the inaugural address. The policy chosen looked 
to the exhaustion of all peaceful measures, before a resort to any 
stronger ones. It sought only to hold the public places and property 
not already wrested from the government, and to collect the revenue: 
relying fox* the rest, on time, discussion, and the ballot-box, It 
promised a continuance of the mails, at government expense, to the 
very people who were resisting the government; and it gave repeated 
pledges against any disturbance to any of the people, or any of their 
rights. Of all that which a President might constitutionally, and 
justifiably, do in such a case, everything was forborne, without which, 
it was believed possible to keep the government on foot. 

On the 5th of March, (the present incumbent's first full day in 
office,) a letter of Major Anderson, commanding at Fort Sumter, 
written on the 28th of February, and received at the War Depart- 
ment on the 4th of March, was, by that department, placed in his 
hands. This letter expressed the professional opinion of the writer, 
that re -enforcements could not be thrown into that fort within the time 
for his relief, rendered necessary by the limited supply of provisions, 
and with a view of holding possession of the same, with a force of 
less than twenty thousand good and well-disciplined men. This 
opinion was concurred in by all the officers of his command, and 
their memoranda on the subject, were made enclosures of Major 
Anderson's letter. The whole was immediately laid before Lieu- 
tenant General Scott, who at once concurred with Major Anderson 



PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE. 5 

in opinion. On reflection, however, lie took full time, consulting 
with other officers, both of the army and the navy, and, at the end 
of four days, came reluctantly, but decidedly, to the same conclusion 
as before. He also stated at the same time that no such sufficient 
force was then at the control of the government, or could be raised 
and brought to the ground within the time when the provisions in 
the fort would be exhausted. In a purely military point of view, 
this reduced the duty of the administration in the case, to the mere 
matter of getting the garrison safely out of the fort. 

It was believed, however, that to so abandon that position, 
under the circumstances, would be utterly ruinous ; that the necessity 
under which it was to be done would not be fully understood ; that 
by many, it would be construed as a part of a voluntary policy; that 
at home, it would discourage the friends of the Union, embolden its 
adversaries, and go far to insure to the latter, a recognition abroad ; 
that, in fact, it would be our national destruction consummated. 
This could not be allowed. Starvation was not yet upon the 
garrison ; and ere it would be reached, Fort Pickens might be 
re-enforced. This last would be a clear indication of policy, and 
would better enable the country to accept the evacuation of Fort 
Sumter, as a military necessity. An order was at once directed 
to be sent for the landing of the troops from the steamship 
Brooklyn, into Fort Pickens. This order could not go by land, but 
must take the longer and slower route by sea. The first return news 
from the order was received just one week before the fall of Fort 
Sumter. The news itself was, that the officer commanding the 
Sabine, to which vessel the troops had been transferred from the 
Brooklyn, acting upon some quasi armistice of the late administra- 
tion, (and of the existence of which the present administration, up 
to the time the order was despatched, had only too vague and uncer- 
tain rumors to fix attention,) had refused to land the troops. To 
now re-enforce Fort Pickens, before a crisis would be reached at Fort 
Sumter, was impossible — rendered so by the near exhaustion of 
provisions in the latter-named fort. In precaution against such a 
conjuncture, the government had, a few days before, commenced 
preparing an expedition, as well adapted as might be, to relieve Fort 
Sumter, which expedition was intended to be ultimately used, or 
not, according to circumstances. The strongest anticipated case for 
using it was now presented; and it was resolved to send it forward. 



6 PRESIDENTS MESSAGE. 

As had been intended, in this contingency, it was also resolved to 
notify the governor of South Carolina, that he might expect an 
attempt would be made to provision the fort ; and that, if the attempt 
should not be resisted, there would be no effort to throw in men, 
arms, or ammunition, without further notice, or in case of an attack 
upon the fort. This notice was accordingly given ; whereupon the 
fort was attacked, and bombarded to its fall, without even awaiting 
the arrival of the provisioning expedition. 

It is thus seen that the assault upon, and reduction of, Fort Sumter, 
was, in no sense, a matter of self defence on the part of the assailants. 
They well knew that the garrison in the fort could, by no possibility, 
commit aggression upon them. They knew — they were expressly 
notified — that the giving of bread to the few brave and hungry men 
of the garrison, was all which would on that occasion be attempted, 
unless themselves, by resisting so much, should provoke more. They 
knew that this government desired to keep the garrison in the fort, 
not to assail them, but merely to maintain visible possession, and thus 
to preserve the Union from actual and immediate dissolution — trust- 
ing, as hereinbefore stated, to time, discussion, and the ballot-box, for 
final adjustment; and they assailed, and reduced the fort, for precisely 
the reverse object — to drive out the visible authority of the federal 
Union, and thus force it to immediate dissolution. That this was 
their object, the Executive well understood; and having said to them, 
in the inaugural address, "You can have no conflict without being 
yourselves the aggressors," he took pains, not only to keep this 
declaration good, but also to keep the case so free from the power of 
ingenious sophistry, as that the world should not be able to misunder- 
stand it. By the affair at Fort Sumter, with its surrounding circum- 
stances, that point was reached. Then, and thereby, the assailants 
of the government, began the conflict of arms, without a gun in sight, 
or in expectancy to return their fire, save only the few in the fort, 
sent to that harbor, years before, for their own protection, and still 
ready to give that protection in whatever was lawful. In this act, 
discarding all else, they have forced upon the country, the distinct 
issue: "Immediate dissolution or blood." 

And this issue embraces more than the fate of these United States. 
It presents to the whole family of man the question, whether a 
constitutional republic, or democracy — a government of the people, by 



PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE. 7 

the same people — can, or cannot, maintain its territorial integrity against 
its own domestic foes. It presents the question, whether discontented 
individuals,toofewin numbers to control administration, according to 
organic law, in any case, can always, upon the pretences made in this 
case, or on any other pretences, or arbitrarily, without any pretence, 
break up their government, and thus practically put an end to free 
government upon the earth. It forces us to ask: "Is there, in 
all republics, this inherent and fatal weakness ?" " Must a govern- 
ment, of necessity, be too strong for the liberties of its own people, 
or too weak to maintain its own existence ?" 

So viewing the issue, no choice was left but to call out the war 
power of the government; and so to resist force, employed for its 
destruction, by force, for its preservation. 

The call was made, and the response of the country was most 
gratifying, surpassing in unanimity, and spirit the most sanguine 
expectation. Yet, none of the States commonly called slave States, 
except Delaware, gave a regiment through regular State organization. 
A few regiments have been organized within some others of those States 
by individual enterprise, and received into the government service. 
Of course, the seceded States, so called, (and to which Texas had 
been joined about the time of the inauguration,) gave no troops 
to the cause of the Union. The border States, so called, were not 
uniform in their action; some of them being almost for the Union, 
while in others — as Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkan- 
sas — the Union sentiment was nearly repressed, and silenced. The 
course taken in Virginia was the most remarkable — perhaps the most 
important. A convention, elected by the people of that State to consider 
this very question of disrupting the Federal Union, was in session at 
the capital of Virginia when Fort Sumter fell. To this body the 
people had chosen a large majority of professed Union men. Almost 
immediately after the fall of Sumter, many members of that majority 
went over to the original disunion minority, and, with them, adopted 
an ordinance for withdrawing the State from the Union. "Whether 
this change was wrought by their great approval of the assault upon 
Sumter, or their great resentment at the government's resistance to 
that assault, is not definitely known. Although they submitted the 
ordinance, for ratification, to a vote of the people, to be taken on a 
day then somewhat more than a month distant, the convention, and 
the legislature, (which was also in session at the same time and place,) 



8 president's message, 

with leading men of the State, not members of either, immediately 
commenced acting as if the State were already out of the Union. They 
pushed military preparations vigorously forward all over the State. 
They seized the United States armory at Harper's Ferry, and the navy 
yard at Gosport, near Norfolk. They received — perhaps invited — 
into their State large bodies of troops, with their warlike appoint- 
ments, from the so-called seceded States. They formally entered into 
a treaty of temporary alliance, and co-operation with the so-called 
" Confederate States," and sent members to their Congress at Mont- 
gomery. And, finally, they permitted the insurrectionary government 
to be transferred to their capital at Richmond. 

The people of Virginia have thus allowed this giant insurrection to 
make its nest within her borders : and this government has no choice 
left but to deal with it tvhere it finds it. And it has the less regret, 
as the loyal citizens liuve, in due form, claimed its protection. Those 
loyal citizens this government is bound to recognize, and protect, as 
being Virginia. 

In the border States, so called — in fact, the middle States — there 
are those who favor a policy which they call -'armed neutrality :"' 
that is, an arming of those States to prevent the Union forces passing 
one way, or the disunion the other, over their soil. This would be 
disunion completed. Figuratively speaking, it would be the build- 
ing of an impassable wall along the line of separation — and yet, 
not quite an impassable one; for, under the guise of neutrality, it 
would tie the hands of the Union men, and freely pass supplies from 
among them to the insurrectionists, which it could not do as an open 
enemy. At a stroke, it would take all the trouble off the hands of 
secession, except only what proceeds from the external blockade. 
It would do for the disunionists that which, of all things, they most 
desire — feed them well, and give them disunion without a struggle 
of their own. It recognizes no fidelity to the Constitution, no obli- 
gation to maintain the Union: and while very many who have favored 
it are, doubtless, loyal citizens, it is, nevertheless, very injurious in 
effect. 

Recurring to the action of the government, it may be stated 
that, at first, a call was made for seventy-live thousand militia ; 
and rapidly following this, a proclamation was issued for closing 
the ports of the insurrectionary districts by proceedings in the 
nature of blockade. So far all was believed to be strictly legal. 



PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE. 9 

At this point the insurrectionists announced their purpose to 
enter upon the practice of privateering. 

Other calls were made for volunteers to serve three years, unless 
sooner discharged, and also for large additions to the regular army 
and navy. These measures, whether strictly legal or not, were 
ventured upon, under what appeared to be a popular demand, and a 
public necessity; trusting then, as now, that Congress would readily 
ratify them. It is believed that nothing has been done beyond the 
constitutional competency of Congress. 

Soon after the first call for militia, it was considered a duty to 
authorize the commanding general, in proper cases, according to his 
discretion, to suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, or, 
in other words, to arrest and detain, without resort to the ordinary 
processes and forms of law, such individuals as he might deem danger- 
ous to the public safety. This authority has purposely been exer- 
cised but very sparingly. Nevertheless, the legality and propriety 
of what has been done under it are questioned, and the attention of 
the country has been called to the proposition that one who is sworn 
to "take care that the laws be faithfully executed," should not him- 
self violate them. Of course some consideration was given to the 
questions of power, and propriety, before this matter was acted upon. 
The whole of the laws which were required to be faithfully executed, 
were being resisted, and failing of execution in nearly one-third of the 
States. Must they be allowed to finally fail of execution, even had it 
been perfectly clear, that by the use of the means necessary to their 
execution, some single law, made in such extreme tenderness of the 
citizen's liberty, that practically, it relieves more of the guilty than of 
the innocent, should, to a very limited extent, be violated? To state 
the question more directly, are all the laws but one to go unexecuted, 
and the government itself go to pieces, lest that one be violated ? 
Even in such a case, would not the official oath be broken, if the 
government should be overthrown, when it was believed that disre- 
garding the single law, would tend to preserve it ? But it was not 
believed that this question was presented. It was not believed that 
any law was violated. The provision of the Constitution that "the 
privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended unless 
when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require 
it," is equivalent to a provision — is a provision — that such privilege 
may be suspended when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public 
safety does require it. It was decided that we have a case of rebellion, 



10 president's message. 

and that the public safety does require the qualified suspension of 
the privilege of the writ which was authorized to be made. Now 
it is insisted that Congress, and not the Executive, is vested with 
this power. But the Constitution itself is silent as to which, or who. is 
to exercise the power ; and as the provision was plainly made for a 
dangerous emergency, it cannot be believed the framers of the in- 
strument intended that, in every case, the danger should run its course, 
until Congress could be called together; the very assembling of which 
might be prevented, as was intended in this case, by the rebellion. 

No more extended argument is now offered, as an opinion, at some 
length, will probably be presented by the Attorney General. Whether 
there shall be any legislation upon the subject, and if any, what, is 
submitted entirely to the better judgment of Congress. 

The forbearance of this government had been so extraordinary, 
and so long continued, as to lead some foreign nations to shape their 
action as if they supposed the early destruction of our National 
Union was probable. While this, on discovery, gave the Executive 
some concern, he is now happy to say that the sovereignty and 
rights of the United States are now everywhere practically respected 
by foreign powers ; and a general sympathy with the country i~ 
manifested throughout the world. 

The reports of the Secretaries of the Treasury, War, and the 
Navy, will give the information in detail deemed necessary, and 
convenient for your deliberation, and action ; while the Executive, 
and all the departments, will stand ready to supply omissions, or to 
communicate new facts, considered important for you to know. 

It is now recommended that you give the legal means for making this 
contest a short and a decisive one ; that you place at the control of 
the government, for the work, at least four hundred thousand men, and 
four hundred millions of dollars. That number of men is about one- 
tenth of those of proper ages within the regions where, apparently, all 
are willing to engage; and the sum is less than a twenty-third part of the 
money value owned by the men who seem ready to devote the whole. 
A debt of six hundred millions of dollars noiv, is a less sum per head, 
than was the debt of our revolution when we came out of that strug- 
gle ; and the money value in the country now, bears even a greater 
proportion to what it was then, than does the population. Surely 
each man has as strong a motive now, to preserve our liberties, as 
each had then, to establish them. 



PRESIDENTS MESSAGE. 11 

A right result, at this time, will be worth more to the world 
than ten times the men. and ten times the money. The evidence 
reaching us from the country, leaves no doubt, that the material 
for the work is abundant ; and that it needs only the hand of legisla- 
tion to give it legal sanction, and the hand of the Executive to give it 
practical shape and efficiency- One of the greatest perplexities of 
the government is to avoid receiving troops faster than it can provide 
for them. In a word, the people will save their government, if the 
government itself, will do its part, only indifferently well. 

It might seem, at first thought, to be of little difference whether the 
present movement at the South be called "secession" or " rebellion.' '" 
The movers, however, well understand the difference. At the begin- 
ning, they knew they could never raise their treason to any respect- 
able magnitude by any name which implies violation of law. They 
knew their people possessed as much of moral sense, as much of devo- 
tion to law and order, and as much pride in, and reverence for, the 
history and government of their common country, as any other civil- 
ized and patriotic people. They knew they could make no advance- 
ment directly in the teeth of these strong and noble sentiments. 
Accordingly they commenced \>y an insidious debauching of the 
public mind. They invented an ingenious sophism, which, if con- 
ceded, was followed by perfectly logical steps, through all the 
incidents, to the complete destruction of the Union. The sophism 
itself is, that any State of the Union may, consistently with the 
national Constitution, and therefore lawfully, and j;eace/ ; «?/?/, with- 
draw from the Union, without the consent of the Union, or of any 
other State. The little disguise that the supposed right is to be 
exercised only for just cause, themselves to be the sole judge of its 
justice, is too thin to merit any notice. 

With rebellion thus sugar-coated, they have been drugging the 
public mind of their section for more than thirty years ; and until 
at length they have brought many good men to a willingness to take 
up arms against the government the day after some assemblage of 
men have enacted the farcical pretence of taking their State out of 
the Union, who could have been brought to no such thing the day 
he/ore. 

This sophism derives much, perhaps the whole, of its currency from 
the assumption that there is some omnipotent and sacred supremacy 
pertaining to a State — to each State of our Federal Union. Our 
States have neither more, nor less power, than that reserved to them, 



12 PRESIDENT'^ MESSAGE. 

in the Union, by the Constitution — no one of tbem ever having been 
a State out of the Union. The original ones passed into the Union 
even before they cast off their British colonial dependence ; and the 
new ones each came into the Union directly from a condition of 
dependence, excepting Texas. And even Texas, in its tempo- 
rary independence, was never designated a State. The new 
ones only took the designation of States, on coming into the 
Union, while that name was first adopted for the old ones r 
in and by the Declaration of Independence. Therein the 
,; United Colonies" were declared to be "free and independent 
States ;" but, even then, the object plainly was not to declare- 
their independence of one another, or of the Union, but directly the 
contrary, as their mutual pledge, and their mutual action, before, 
at the time, and afterwards, abundantly show. The express plight- 
ing of faith, by each and all of the original thirteen, in the Articles of 
Confederation, two years later, that the Union shall be perpetual, is 
most conclusive. Having never been States, either in substance or 
in name, outside of the Union, whence this magical omnipotence of 
"State rights," asserting a claim of power to lawfully destroy the 
Union itself? Much is said about the "sovereignty" of the States; 
but the word, even, is not in the national Constitution; nor, as is 
believed, in any of the State constitutions. What is a "sovereignty," 
in the political sense of the term ? Would it be far wrong to define 
it, "A political community, without a political superior ?" Tested 
by this, no one of our States, except Texas, ever was a sovereignty. 
And even Texas gave up the character on coming into the Union; by 
which act, she acknowledged the Constitution of the United States, 
and the laws and treaties of the United States made in pursuance of 
the Constitution, to be, for her, the supreme law of the land. The 
States have their status in the Union, and they have no other legal 
status. If they break from this, they can only do so against law, and 
by revolution. The Union, and not themselves separately, procured 
their independence and their liberty. By conquest, or purchase, the 
Union gave each of them, whatever of independence and liberty it 
has. The Union is older than any of the States, and, in fact, it 
created them as States. Originally some dependent colonies made the 
Union, and, in turn, the Union threw oft' their- old dependence for 
them, and made them States, such as they are. Not one of 
them ever had a State constitution independent of the Union. 



PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE. 13 

Of course, it is not forgotten that all the new States framed their 
constitutions before they entered the Union; nevertheless, dependent 
upon, and preparatory to, coming into the Union. 

Unquestionably the States have the powers and rights reserved to 
them in and by the national Constitution ; but among these, surely, 
are not included all conceivable powers, however mischievous or 
destructive ; but, at most, such only as were known in the world, at 
the time, as governmental powers ; and certainly a power to destroy 
the government itself had never been known as a governmental — as 
a merely administrative power. This relative matter of national 
power and State rights, as a principle, is no other than the principle 
of generality and locality. Whatever concerns the whole, should be 
confided to the whole — to the general government ; while whatever 
concerns only the State, should be left exclusively to the State. This 
is all there is of original principle about it. Whether the national 
Constitution, in defining boundaries between the two, has applied 
the principle with exact accuracy, is not to be questioned. We are 
all bound by that defining, without question. 

What is now combatted, is the position that secession is consistent 
with the Constitution — is laivful, and peaceful. It is not contended that 
there is any express law for it ; and nothing should ever be implied as 
law, which leads to unjust or absurd consequences. The nation pur- 
chased, with money, the countries out of which several of these States 
were formed. Is it just that they shall go off without leave, and 
without refunding ? The nation paid very large sums, (in the aggre- 
gate, I believe nearly a hundred millions,) to relieve Florida of the 
aboriginal tribes. Is it just that she shall now be off without 
consent, or without making any return? The nation is now in 
debt for money applied to the benefit of these so-called seceding 
States, in common with the rest. Is it just, either that creditors 
shall go unpaid, or the remaining States pay the whole ? A part of 
the present national debt was contracted to pay the old debts of 
Texas. Is it just that she shall leave, and pay no part of this herself? 

Again, if one State may secede, so may another ; and when all 
shall have seceded, none is left to pay the debts. Is this quite just 
to creditors? Did we notify them of this sage view of ours when we 
borrowed their money? If we now recognize this doctrine by allowing 
the seceders to go in peace, it is difficult to set- what we can do if 



14 PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE. 

others choose to go, or to extort terms upon which they will promise 
to remain. 

The seceders insist that our Constitution admits of secession. 
They have assumed to make a national constitution of their own, in 
which, of necessity, they have either discarded or retained the right 
of secession, as, they insist, it exists in ours. If they have discarded 
it, they thereby admit that, on principle, it ought not to be in 
ours. If they have retained it, by their own construction of ours 
they show that to be consistent they must secede from one another, 
whenever they shall find it the easiest way of settling their debts, or 
effecting any other selfish or unjust object. The principle itself is 
one of disintegration, and upon which no government can possibly 
endure. 

If all the States, save one. should assert the power to drive that one 
out of the Union, it is presumed the whole class of seceder politicians 
would at once deny the power, and denounce the act as the greatest 
outrage upon State rights. But suppose that precisely the same act, 
instead of being called "driving the one out," should be called "the 
seceding of the others from that one," it would be exactly what the 
seceders claim to do; unless, indeed, they make the point, that the one, 
because it is a minority, may rightfully do what the others, because 
they are a majority, may not rightfully do. These politicians are 
subtle and profound on the rights of minorities. They are not 
partial to that power which made the Constitution, and speaks from 
the preamble, calling itself "We, the People." 

It may well be questioned whether there is, to-day, a majority of 
the legally qualified voters of any State, except perhaps South Carolina, 
in favor of disunion. There is much reason to believe that the Union 
men are the majority in many, if not in every other one, of the so-called 
seceded States. The contrary has not been demonstrated in any one 
of them. It is ventured to affirm this, even of Virginia and Tennes- 
see; for the result of an election, held in military camps, where the bay- 
onets are all on one side of the question voted upon, can scarcely be 
considered as demonstrating popular sentiment. At such an elec- 
tion all that large class who are, at once, for the Union, and against 
coercion, would lie coerced to vote against the Union. 

It may be affirmed, without extravagance, that the free institutions 
we enjoy have developed the powers, and improved the condition, of 
our whole people, beyond am example in the world. Of this we now 



president's message. 15 

have a striking, and an impressive illustration. So large an army as 
the government has now on foot, was never before known, without a 
soldier in it, but who had taken his place there, of his own free choice. 
But more than this : there are many single regiments whose mem- 
bers, one and another, possess full practical knowledge of all the 
arts, sciences, professions, and whatever else, whether useful or 
elegant, is known in the world ; and there is scarcely one from 
which there could not be selected, a President, a Cabinet, a Con- 
gress, and perhaps a Court, abundantly competent to administer 
the government itself! Nor do I say this is not true, also in 
the army of our late friends, now adversaries, in this contest j 
but if it is, so much better the reason why the government, 
which has conferred such benefits on both them and us, should not 
be broken up. Whoever, in any section, proposes to abandon such 
a government, would do well to consider, in deference to what prin- 
ciple it is that he does it — what better he is likely to get in its stead 
— whether the substitute will give, or be intended to give, so much 
of good to the people. There are some foreshadowings on this sub- 
ject. Our adversaries have adopted some declarations of independ- 
ence, in which, unlike the good old one, penned by Jefferson, they 
omit the words "all men are created equal." Why? They have 
adopted a temporary national constitution, in the preamble of which, 
unlike our good old one, signed by Washington, they omit "We, the 
people,' 7 and substitute "We, the deputies of the sovereign and 
independent States." Why? Why this deliberate pressing out 
of view, the rights of men, and the authority of the people ? 

This is essentially a People's contest. On the side of the Union, 
it is a struggle for maintaining in the world, that form and substance 
of government, whose leading object is, to elevate the condition of 
men — to lift artificial weights from all shoulders ; to clear the paths 
of laudable pursuit for all ; to afford all an unfettered start, and a 
fair chance in the race of life. Yielding to partial and temporary 
departures, from necessity, this is the leading object of the govern- 
ment for whose existence we contend. 

I am most happy to believe that the plain people understand and 
appreciate this. It is worthy of note, that while in this, the govern- 
ment's hour of trial, large numbers of those in the army and navy who 
have been favored with the offices, have resigned, and proved false to 



16 president's message. 

tlio hand which had pampered them, not one common soldier, or 
common sailor, is knows to have deserted his flag. 

Great honor is due to those officers who remained true, despite 
the example of their treacherous associates ; but the greatest honor, 
and mosl importanl fad of all, is the unanimous firmness of the com- 
mon soldiers, and common sailors. To the last man. so far as known, 
they have successfully resisted the traitorous efforts of those whose 
commands, but an hour before, they obeyed as absolute law. This is 
the patriotic instinct of plain people. They understand, without an 
argument, that the destroying the government which was made by 
Washington means no good to them. 

Our popular government has often been called an experiment. Two 
points in it our people have already settled — the successful establishing 
and the successful administering of it. One still remains — its successful 
maintenance against a formidable internal attempt to overthrow it. It 
is now for them to demonstrate to the world, that those who can 
fairly carry an election, can also suppress a rebellion; that ballots 
are the rightful and peaceful successors of bullets; and that when 
ballots have fairly and constitutionally decided, there can be no suc- 
cessful appeal back to bullets; that there can be no successful appeal 
except to ballots themselves, at succeeding elections. Such will be 
a great lesson of peace; teaching men that what they cannot take by 
an election, neither can they take it by a Avar: teaching all the folly 
of being the beginners of a war. 

Lest there be some uneasiness in the minds of candid men, as to 
what is to be the course of the government, towards the southern 
States, after the rebellion shall have been suppressed, the Executive 
deems it proper to say, it will be his purpose then, as ever, to be 
guided by the Constitution and the laws: and that he probably will 
have no different understanding of the powers and duties of the fed- 
eral government relatively to the rights of the States and the people, 
under the Constitution, than that expressed in the inaugural address: 

He desires to preserve the government, that it may be adminis- 
tered for all, as it was administered by the men who made it. Loyal 
citizens everywhere, have the right to claim this of their government; 
and the government has no right to withhold, or neglect it. It is 
not perceived that, in giving it. there is any coercion, any conquest, 
or any subjugation, in any just sense of those terms. 



president's message. 17 

The Constitution provides, and all the States have accepted the 
provision, that "The United States shall guarantee to every State in 
this Union a republican form of government." But, if a State may 
lawfully go out of the Union, having done so, it may also discard the 
republican form of government; so that to prevent its going out is 
an indispensable means, to the end, of maintaining the guaranty meu- 
tioned; and when an end is lawful and obligatory, the indispensable 
means to it, are also lawful and obligatory. 

It was with the deepest regret that the Executive found the duty 
of employing the war-power, in defence of the government, forced 
upon him. He could but perform this duty, or surrender the exist- 
ence of the government. No compromise, by public servants, could, 
in this case, be a cure ; not that compromises are not often proper, 
but that no popular government can long survive a marked precedent, 
that those who carry an election, can only save the government from 
immediate destruction, by giving up the main point, upon which, the 
people gave the election. The people themselves, and not their ser- 
vants, can safely reverse their own deliberate decisions. 

As a private citizen, the Executive could not have consented that 
these institutions shall perish ; much less could he, in betrayal of so 
vast, and so sacred a trust, as these free people had confided to him. He 
felt that he had no moral right to shrink, nor even to count the chances 
of his own life, in what might follow. In full view of his great respon- 
sibility, he has, so far, done what he has deemed his duty. You will 
now, according to your own judgment, perform yours. He sincerely 
hopes that your views, and your action, may so accord with his, as to 
assure ail faithful citizens, who have been disturbed in their rights, 
of a certain, and speedy restoration to them, under the Constitution 
and the laws. 

And having thus chosen our course, without guile, and with pure 
purpose, let us renew our trust in God, and go forward without fear, 
and with manly hearts. 

ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 

July 4, 1SG1. 



REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR, 



War Department, 
Washington, July 1, 1861. 

Sir : I have the honor to submit the following report of the opera- 
tions of this department : 

The accompany ing statements of the adjutant general will show 
the number, description, and distribution of the troops which are now 
in service. 

It forms no part of the duty of this department to enter upon a dis- 
cussion of the preliminary circumstances which have contributed to 
the present condition of public affairs. The secession ordinance of 
South Carolina was passed on the 20th of December last, and from 
that period until the majesty of the government was made manifest, 
immediately after you had assumed the Chief Magistracy, the con- 
spirators against its Constitution and laws have left nothing undone 
to perpetuate the memory of their infamy. Revenue steamers have 
been deliberately betrayed by their commanders, or, writ re treason 
could not be brought to consummate the defection, have been over- 
powered by rebel troops at the command of disloyal governors. The 
government arsenals at Little Rock, Baton Rouge, Mount Vernon, 
Apalachicola, Augusta, Charleston, and Fayetteville, the ordnance 
depot at San Antonio, and all the other government works in Texas, 
which served as the depots of immense stores of arms and ammunition, 
have been surrendered by the commanders or seized by disloyal hands. 
Forts Macon, Caswell, Johnson, Clinch, Pulaski, Jackson, Marion, 
Barrancas, McKee, Morgan, Gaines, Pike, Macomb, St. Phillip, Liv- 
ingston, Smith, and three at Charleston; Oglethorpe barracks, Bar- 
rancas barracks, New Orleans barracks, Fort Jackson, on the Missis- 
sippi, the battery at Bienvenue, Dupre, and the works at Ship island, 
have been successively stolen from the government or betrayed by 
their commanding officers. The custom-houses at New Orleans, 
Mobile, Savannah, Charleston, and other important points, contain- 
ing vast amounts of government funds, have been treacherously ap- 
propriated to sustain the cause of rebellion. In like manner the 
brauch mints at New Orleans, at Charlotte, and at Dahlonega, have 
been illegally seized, in defiance of every principle of common honesty 
and of honor. The violent seizure of the United States marine hos- 
pital at New Orleans was only wanting to complete the catalogue ot 
crime. The inmates, who had been disabled by devotion to their 
country's service, and who there had been secured a grateful asylum, 
were cruelly ordered to be removed, without the slightest provision 
being made for their support or comfort. In Texas, the large forces 



20 REPORT OF THE 

detailed upon the frontier for the protection of the inhabitants against 
the attacks of marauding [ndians, were ignominiously deserted by 
their commander, Bi igadier General Twiggs. To the infamy of treas 
to his flag v.ms added the crowning crime of deliberately handing over 
to the armed enemies of his government all the public property in- 
trusted to his charge, thus even depriving the loyal men under his 
command oi all means of transportation oul of the State. 

A striking and h e contrast with the recreant conduct of 

Brigadier General Twiggs and other traitorous officers has been pre- 
sented in the hemic and truly self-sacrificing course pursued by Major 
'• Anderson mum the small and gallant hand of officers and men 
under his command at Fort Sumter, and also by Lieutenant Adam 
J. Slemmer, his officers and men, at Fort Pickens." In referring, with 
strongest commendation, to the conduct ot these brave soldiers, under 
the trying circumstances which surrounded them, I only echo the 
unanimous voice of the American people. In this connexion, it is a 
pleasurable duty to refer to the v-vy gallant action of Lieutenant 
Roger Jones, at Harper's Ferry, and the handsome and successful 
manner in which he executed the orders of the government at that 
important poi 

The determination of the government to use its utmost power to 
subdue the rebellion has been sustained by the unqualified approval 
of the whole people. Heretofore the leaders of this conspiracy have 
professed to regard the people of this country as incapable of making 
a forcible resistance to rebellion. The error of this conclusion is now 
being made manifest. History will record that men who, in ordinary 
times, were devoted solely to the arts or peace, were yet ready, on the 
instant, to rush to arms in defence of their rights when assailed. At 
the present moment the government presents the striking anomaly of 
being emban • he generous outpouring of volunteers to sustain 

its action. Instead of laboring under the difficulty of monarchical 
governments, the want of men to till its armies, (which, in other coun- 
tries, has compelled a resort to forced conscriptions.) one of its main 
difficulties is to keep down the proportions of the amy, and to pre- 
vent, it from swelling beyond the actual lorce required. 

The commanding officers of the r< giments in the volunteer service, 
for the three mouths' service and tor the war, have, in many 
instances^ not yet furnished the department with the muster-rolls of 
their regii For the want ot tl urns, it is impossible to 

present as accurate an enumeration of the volunteer force accepted and 
in the fie aid be desired. Under the proclamation issued by 

yon on the 15th of April hist the governors of different States were 
called upon to detach from the militia under their c immand a certaiu 
quota, to serve as infantry or riflemen, for the period of three months, 
unless sooner discharged. The call so made amounted in the aggre- 
gate to ninety-four regiments, making 73,391 officers and men. Of 
the Suites called upon, the governors oi Virginia, North Carolina, 
Tennessee, Arkansas, Kentucky, and Missouri, peremptorily refused to 
comply with the requirements made by the department. All the other 
States promptly furnished the number required of them, except Mary- 



SECRETARY OP WAR. 21 

land, whose governor, though manifesting entire readiness to comply, 
was prevented from so doing by the outbreak at Baltimore. 

In the States of Virginia and Missouri, notwithstanding the 
positive retusal of their executive officers to co-operate with the 
government, patriotic citizens voluntarily united together, and 
organized regiments for the government service. Delaware and Vir- 
ginia furnished each a regiment, both of which are on duty in the 
field. In a similar patriotic spirit the loyal people of Missouri raised 
irce of 11,445 officers and men, making, in round numbers, twelve 
organized regiments, to sustain the government and to put down re- 
bellion in that State. And so, also, the citizens of the District of 
Columbia, emulating these honorable examples, furnished no less 
than 2,823 officers and men, making in all four full regiments, all of 
which are yet in the field, doing active and efficient service. Thus, 
notwithstanding the refusal of disloyal governors to respond, the 
government, instead of having been furnished with only the number 
of troops called for under your proclamation of the loth April last, 
has received, and has now in service, under that call, in round num- 
bers, at least eighty thousand. 

Under your second proclamation, of the 4th May last, calling for 
volunteers to serve during the war, there have been accepted up to 
this date, 208 regiments. A number of other regiments have been 
accepted, but on condition of being ready to be mustered into the ser- 
vice within a specified time, the limitation of which has, in some in- 
stances, not expired. It is not possible to state how many of these 
may be ready before the meeting of Congress. Of the regiments ac- 
cepted, all are infantry and riflemen, with the exception of two bat- 
talions of artillery and four regiments of cavalry. A number of regi- 
ments mustered as imantry have, however, attached to them one or 
more artillery companies, and there are also some regiments partly 
made up of companies of cavalry. Of the 208 regiments accepted for 
three years, there are now 153 in active service ; and the remaining 
55 are mostly ready, and all of them will be in the field within the 
next twenty days 

The total force now in the field may be computed as follows : 

Regulars and volunteers for three months and for the war, 235,000 
Add to this 55 regiments of volunteers for the war, accepted 

and not yet in service 50,000 

Add new regiments of regular army 25,000 

75,000 

Total force now at-command of government 310,000 

Deduct the three-months' volunteers 80,000 

Force for service after the withdrawal of the three-months' 

men 230,000 



It will thus be perceived that after the discharge of the three- 
months' troops, there will he still an available force of volunteers 
amounting to 188,000, which, added to the regular army, will consti- 



22 REPORT OF THE 

tute a total force of 230,000 officers and men. It will be for Congress 
to determine§whether this ball, at this time, be increased by the 

addition of a still larger volunteer force. 

The extraordinary exigencies which have called this great army into 
being have rendered necessary, also, a very considerable augmenta- 
tion of the regular arm of the service The demoralization of the 
ilar army, caused by the treasonable conduct of many of its com- 
manding officers, the distant posts at which the greater part of the 
troops were stationed, and the unexampled rapidity of the spread of 
the rebellion convinced those high in command in the servi well 

as this department, that an increase of the regular army was indis- 
pensable. The subject was accordingly brought to your attention, and 
alter a careful examination, an increase was authorized by your procla- 
mation issued on the 4th May last. 

This increase consists of one regiment of cavalry, of twelve compa- 
nies, numbering, in the maximum aggregate, 1,189 officers and men; 
one regime!)! of artillery of twelve b , of six pieces each, num- 

bering in the maximum aggregate, 1,909 officers and men; nine regi- 
ments of infantry, each regiment containing three battalions of eight 
companies each, numbering, in the maximum aggregate, 2,452 offic 
and men, making a maximum increase of infantry of 22,068 officers 
and men. 

In the enlistment of men to fill the additional regiments of the 
regular army, I would recommend that the term of enlistment be 
made three years, to correspond with the call of May 4 for volun- 
teers; an 1 that to all who shall receive an honorable discharge at the 
close of their term of service a bounty of one hundred dollars shall 
be given. 

The mounted troops of the old army consist of five regiments, with 

a maximum aggregate of 4,460 men. Not more than one-fourth of 

tin se troops are available for service at the seat of war. At least two 

regiments of artillery are unavailable, being stationed on the western 

and in the Florida forts. 

The increase of infantry is comparatively large, but this arm of the 
service is that which the general-in-ehief recommended as being most 
efficient. 

The organization of the increased force, it will be noticed, is differ- 
ent from that of the old army. This question was fully considered 
by officers of the army connected with this department, and, after 
much deliberation, it was concluded to adopt the French regimental 
Bj stem of three battalions to a i egiment. Each battalion is commanded 
by a major, with a colonel and lieutenant colonel for the general com- 
mand ot the regiment. This, it is believed, is the best organization 
now existing The number ot field officers is less than under the old 
plan, and, therefore, much less expensive. Whether this organiza- 
tion may not advantageously be extended to the old army, alter the 
passage of a law providing for a retired list, is a question which may 
properly engage the attention of Congress. 

In making the selection of officers for the new regiments, two 
courses only seemed to be op n, viz : to make the appointments from 
the regular service by seniority, or by selection. The first appeared 



SECRETARY OF WAR. 23 

liable to the objection that old and, in some instances, inefficient men 
would be promoted to places which ought to bo tilled by younger and 
more vigorous officers. The second was liable to the grave objection 
that favoritism might prejudice the claims of worthy officers. 

After the fullest consideration, it was determined, under the advice 
of the general-in-chief, to appoint one-half of them from the regular 
army and the other half from civil life. Of the civilians appointed 
as regimental commanders, all axcept one are either graduates of West 
Point or have before served with distinction in the field ; and of the 
lieutenant colonels, majors, captains, and first lieutenants, a large 
proportion have been taken from the regular army and the volunteers 
now in service, while the second lieutenants have been mainly created 
by the promotion of meritorious sergeants from the regular service. 

In view of the urgent necessity of the case, these preliminary steps 
to the augmentation of the regular service have been taken, and it 
now remains for Congress, should it sanction what has been com- 
menced, to complete the work by such legislation as the subject may 
require. A similar increase of the army, under like circumstances, 
was made in 1812. At the close of the war, the force in service be- 
ing found too large and too costly for a peace establishment, a reduc- 
tion was ordered to be made, under the supervision of a board of offi- 
cers, especially organized for the purpose. At the close of the present 
struggle, the reduction of the present force may be accomplished in 
like manner, if found then to be larger than the public necessities re- 
quire. In making any such reduction, however, a just regard to the 
public interests would imperatively require that a force amply suffi- 
cient to protect all the public property, wherever it may be found, 
should be retained. 

I cannot forbear to speak favorably of the volunteer system, as a 
substitute for a cumbrous and dangerous standing army, It has, 
heretofore, by many been deemed unreliable and inefficient in a sud- 
den emergency, but actual facts have proved the contrary. It it be 
urged that the enemies of order have gained some slight advantages 
at remote points, by reason of the absence of a sufficient regular force, 
the unexampled rapidity of concentration of volunteers already wit- 
nessed is an ample refutation of the argument. A government 
whose every citizen stands ready to march to its defence can never be 
overthrown; for none is so strong as that whose foundations rest im- 
movably in the hearts of the people. 

The spectacle of more than a quarter of a million of citizens rushing 
to the field in defence of the Constitution must ever take rank among 
the most extraordinary facts of history. Its interest is vastly height- 
ened by the lavish outpouring, from States and individuals, of volun- 
tary contributions of money, reaching an aggregate thus far of more 
than ten millions of dollars. But a few weeks since the men compos- 
ing this great army were pursuing the avocations of peace. They 
gathered from the farm, from the workshop, from the factory, from 
the mine. The minister came from his pulpit, the merchant from his 
counting-room, the professor and student from the college, the teacher 
and pupil from the common schools. Young men of fortunes left 
luxurious homes for the tent and the camp. Native and foreign born 



24 REPORT OF THE 

alike came forward with a kindred enthusiasm. That a well disci- 
plined, homogeneous, and efficient force should be formed out of such 
a seemingly heterogeneous mass appears almost incredible. But what 
is the actual fact? Experienced men, who have had ample op- 
portunity to familiarize themselves with the condition of European 
armies, concede that, in point of personnel, this patriot army is fully 
equal to the finest regular troops of the Old World. A more intelli- 
gent body of men, or one actuated by purer motives, was never before 
marshalled in the field. 

The calling forth of this large and admirable force in vindication of 
the Constitution and the laws is in strict accordance with a wise pru- 
dence and economy, and at the same time in perfect harmony with 
the uniform practice of the government. But three years ago, when 
the authority of the nation was contemptuously defied by the Mor- 
mons in Utah, the only safe policy consistent with the dignity of the 
government was the prompt employment of such an overwhelming 
force for the suppression of the rebellion as removed all possibility of 
failure. It will hardly be credited, however, that the following lan- 
guage in relation to that period was penned by John B. Floyd, then 
{Secretary of War, and now actively engaged in leading the rebel 
forces, who have even less to justify their action than the Mormons : 

" W hen ;t small force was fust sent to Utah, the Mormons attacked and destroyed their 

trains, and made ready for a general attack upon the column. When a sufficient power 
•was put on foot f" put Buccess beyond all doubt, their bluster and bravado sank into whis- 
peis of terror and submission. 

"This movement upon that Territory was demanded by the moral sentiment of the 
country, was due to a vindication of its laws and Constitution, and was essential to demon- 
strate the po rer of the federal government to chastise insubordination and quell rebellion, 
however formidable from numhers or position it might seem to be. Adequate preparations 
and a prompt advance of the army was an act of mercy and humanity to those deluded 
people, for it prevented the effusion of blood." 

I recommend the same vigorous and merciful policy now. 

The reports of the chiefs of the different bureaus of this department, 
wdiich are herewith submitted, present the estimates of the probable 
amount of appropriations required, in addition to those already made 
for the year ending June r'.O, 18G0, for the force now in the field, or 
which has been accepted and will be in service within the next twenty 
days, as follows : 

Quartermaster's department .$70,289,200 21 

Subsistence department 27,278,781 50 

Ordnance department 7,408,172 00 

Pay department 07,845,402 48 

Adjutant General's department 408,000 00 

Engineer department 685,000 00 

Topographical Engineer department 50,000 00 

Surgeon General's department 1,271,841 00 

Due States which have made advances for troops.... 10,000,000 00 

Total 185,29ti, 897 19 



The resistance to the passage of troops through the city of Balti- 
more, hastening to the relief of the federal capital, and the destruc- 



SECEETARY OF WAR. 25 

tion of bridges of the Wilmington and Baltimore, and the Northern 
Central railroads, together with the refusal of the Baltimore and Ohio 
Railroad Company to transport the government forces and supplies, 
involved the necessity, at an early stage ot the present troubles, on 
the part of this department, to take possession of so much of the rail- 
way lines as was required to form a connexion with the States from 
which, troops and supplies were expected. A military route was 
accordingly opened from Perryville, on the Chesapeake, by steamers, 
to Annapolis, and thence by railroad to Washington. In view of the 
necessities of the crisis, Congress, it is not doubted, will justify the 
steps taken. 

As the movements of the United States forces are continued, the 
supervision of railroad and telegraph lines will remain a necessity to 
be met by the department. I would, therefore, recommend the pro- 
priety of an appropriation, to be made by Congress,' to be applied, 
when the public exigencies demand, to the reconstruction and equip- 
ment of railroads, and for the expense of maintenance and operating 
them, and also for the construction of additional telegraph lines and 
their appurtenances. I would also recommend a special appropriation 
for the reconstruction of the Long Bridge across the Potomac, which 
is now a military necessity. 

The importance of enforcing the strictest discipline where active 
army operations are carried on in the rebellious States cannot be too 
strongly urged. Public confidence is, for the time being, destroyed, 
and the nice moral distinctions which obtain among men in well- 
ordered communities are apt to be lost sight of. The federal courts 
being suspended, grave offences may be committed over which our 
military courts, as now organized, have no authorized jurisdiction. 
It would seem only consistent with a just regard to the interests of 
the government and the people that some properly organized military 
tribunal should be empowered to take cognizance of criminal offences 
and to punish the offenders when found guilty. Such a tribunal 
should not have any jurisdiction when the functions of the federal 
courts are uninterrupted. I therefore recommend that the subject be 
referred to the consideration of Congress. 

The subsistence of the troops now in the service is a matter of the 
highest importance. Rations, proper in quantity and quality, are 
quite as essential to the efficiency of an army as valor or disci [dine. 
It is desirable, therefore, that the quantity of rations distributed to 
the troops should, as far as possible, be adapted to their previous 
dietary habits. While it cannot be expected that the luxuries to 
which many have been accustomed should be provided by the com- 
missariat, a just regard to comfort and health imposes upon the gov- 
ernment the duty of furnishing sound, healthful, and palatable food. 
A larger proportion of vegetables and of fresh meats, when they can 
be procured, than can now be furnished under the army regulations, 
would undoubtedly diminish the danger of epidemics among the 
troops. I therefore submit the question whether it would not be ex- 
pedient for Congress to enlarge the powers of the commissariat, so as 
to enable it the better to carry into practice the views here .suggested. 

As all requisitions for cainp equipage, for the means of its transpor- 



26 REPORT OF THE 

tation, ami for supplies, are made upon the Quartermaster General's 
department, it is highly essential that every* facility should be afforded 
ill such requisitions with promptness. At present 
the power of that bureau is limited. For instance, it seems very desi- 
rable thai the troops in the field .should he supplied with water-proof 
capes and blankets to s rvi otection against the effects of the 

climate. As the army i »ns do not recognize such an item of 

clothing, and as no discretion has been lodged with the department to 
in the matter, many of t lie troops, lor the lack of this essential 
outfit, have suffered much inconvenience. Some of the States of New 
England have sent their quotas forward equipped most admirably in 
this respect. I would recommend that this subject be commended to 
Congress for its favorable consideration. 

The sudden large in ■ army, in May last, induced the 

Acting S i General to call the attention of this department to the 

necessity of some modification of the system of organization connected 
with the supervision or the bygeine and comfort of the troops. A 
commission of inquiry and advice was accordingly instituted, with the 
object of acting in co-operation with the Medical Bureau. The follow- 
ing gentlemen have consented to serve, without compensation, upon 
this commission: Henry W. Bellows, D. D.; Prof/ A. D. Bache, 
LL D ; Prof. Jeffries Wyman; Prof. Walcott Gibbs, M.D.; W. H. 
Van Buren, M.D.; Sam'l G. Howe, M D.; K, C. Wood, surgeon 
United States army; George W. Cullum, United States array, and 
Alexander E Shiras, United States army. They are now directing 
-special inquiries in regard to the careful inspection of recruits and en- 
listed men, the best means of guarding and restoring their health, and 
of securing the general comfort and efficiency of the troops, the proper 
provision of hospitals, nurses, cooks, &c. The high character and 
well-known attainments of these distinguished gentlemen afford every 
assurance that they will bring to bear upon the subjects of their inves- 
tigation the rip s of sanitary science in its application to 
the details of military life. The organization of military hospitals, 
and the method of obtaining and regulating whatever appertains to 
the cure, relief, or care of the disabled, as also the regulations and 
routine through which the services of patriotic women are rendered 
available as nurses, was at an early period of the present struggle 
intrusted to the charge of Miss D. L. Dix, who volunteered her services, 
and is now, without remuneration, devoting her whole time to this 
importanl Mr 

The arms and ordnance supplied from our national armories, under 
the able superintend! 't! ( >rd nance Bureau, compare most favor- 

ably with the very I ufactured for foreign governments. The 

eel brated Enfi ri lied, is a simple copy of the regular arm 

manufactured for many \ I the Springfield armory. 

Previous to the early part of last year, the government had a supply 
of arms ami munitions of war sufficient for any emergency ; but, 
through the bad faith e intrusted ww'h their guardianship, they 

were taken from their proper depositories, and distributed throng 
portions of the country expected to take part in the contemplated 
rebellion. In consequence of the serious loss thus sustained, there 



SECRETARY OF WAR 27 

was available, at the commencement of the outbreak, a much less 
supply than usual of all kinds. But through the zeal and activity of 
the Ordnance Bureau, the embarrassment thus created has been in 
a great measure overcome. As the capacity of the government 
armories was not equal to the supply needed, even after having doubled 
the force at the Springfield armory, the department found it absolutely 
necessary to procure arms to some extent from private manufacturers. 
It is believed that from these sources they can be obtained equal iu 
quality and not much higher in cost than those made in the national 
workshops. It would, therefore, appear a wise policy on the part of 
the government to encourage domestic industry, by supplying our 
troops in part from private factories of our own country, instead of 
making purchases from abroad. 

As rifled cannon are, in point of effectiveness, far superior to smooth- 
bored, arrangements have been made to rifle a large portion of the 
guns on hand, and the work is still in progress. 

Some patriotic American citizens resident in Europe, fearing that 
the country might not have a sufficient supply, purchased on their 
own responsibility, through co-operation with the United States 
ministers to England and France, a number of improved cannon and 
mtnkets ; and, at your instance, this department accepted the drafts 
drawn to defray the outlay thus assumed. A perfect battery of six 
Whitworth 12-pounder rifled cannon, with three thousand rounds of 
ammunition, the munificent donation of sympathizing friends in 
Europe, has also been received from England. 

It will be necessary for Congress, either at its approaching sp 
or at its next annual session, to adopt measures for the reorganization, 
upon a uniform basis, of the militia of the country. I know of no 
better source of information on this subject than the able report of 
General Henry Knox, the first Secretary of War, who, by his wise 
forecast and eminent appreciation ot the future wants of the country, 
showed the entire safety of an implicit reliance upon the popular will 
for the support of the government in the most trying emergency, 
abundant confirmation of which fact is found in the present great 
rally of the people to the defence of the Constitution and laws, I 
have already adverted to the superior manner in which some of the 
New England regiments, now in service, are equipped. This is to be 
attributed to the efficient home organization of the militia in some of 
those States. Their example is an excellent one, and cannot fail to 
have a beneficial effect upon such States as have not already adopted 
a like desirable organization. 

i think it important, also, to recommend a further distribution of 
improved arms among the militia of the States and Territories. As 
the returns of the miiitia are usually inaccurate, this distribution 
should be made proportionate to the latest census returns of free white 
male inhabitants capable of bearing arms. 

The large disaffection, at the present crisis, of United States army 
officers, has excited the most profound astonishment, and naturally 
provokes inquiry as to its cause. But for this startling defection, the 
reoellion never could have assumed formidable proportions. The mere 
accident of birth in a particular section, or the influence of a belief in par- 



s 



28 REPORT OF THE 

ticular political theories, furnishes do satisfactory explanation of this 
remarkable fact. The majority of these officers solicited and obtained 
a military education at the hands of the government — a mark of 
special favor, conferred by the laws of Congress to only one in seventy 
thousand inhabitants. At the National Military Academy they were 
received, and treated as the adopted children of the republic. By the 
peculiar relati ins thus established, they virtually became bound, by 
more than ordinary obligations of honor, to remain faithful to their 
flag. The question may be asked, in view of the extraordinary 
treachery displayed, whether its promoting cause may not be traced 
to a radical defect in the system of education itself? 

As a 8t< p preliminary to the consideration of this question, I would 
direct attention to the report, herewith submitted, of the board of 
visitors to the West Point Military Academy. The supplementary 
repoit makes a special reference to the system of discipline, which, it 
appears from facts obtained upon investigation, ignores, practically, 
the essential distinction between acts wrong in themselves, and acts 
wrong because prohibited by special regulations. The report states 
that no difference is made in the penalties affixed as punishments for 
either class of offences It is argued with reason that such a system 
is directly calculated to contound in the mind of the pupil the dis- 
tinctions between right and wrong, and to substitute, in the decision 
oi grave moral questions, habit for conscience. 1 earnestly trust that 
Congress will early address itself to a thorough examination of the 
system of education and discipline adopted in this important school, 
and, il defects are found to exist, that it will provide a remedy with 
the hast possible de ay. 

The present exigencies of the public service have necessarily im- 
posed upon this department a vast increase of responsibility and 
labor. To facilitate its proper administration, I would recommend 
the passage* oi a law by Congress authorizing the appointment of an 
Btant Secretary of War, and the requisite additional appropriation 
for the employment of an increased clerical force. 

In concluding this repoit, 1 deem it proper to express my dee}) in- 
debtedness to the veteran general-in-chief of the army for the con- 
stant and self-sacrificing devotion to the public service exhibited by 
him iu this grave crisis, and also to the chiefs of the different bureaus 
of this department for the able and efficient manner in which they 
have at all times aided me in the discharge of my official duties. 

1 have the honor to be, with high regard, your obedient servant, 

SIMON CAMERON, 

Secretary of War. 

The PRBilDENT (J the United States. 



SECRETARY OF WAR. 29 



REPORT OF BOARD OF VISITORS OF MILITARY ACADEMY. 

We ? t Point Military Academy, June 21, 18G1. 

Sir : The board of visitors invited to be present at the general ex- 
amination of cadets of the West Point Military Academy, for the 
year 1861, and instructed to attend to various other duties specifically 
enumerated in their letters of invitation, beg leave, respectfully, to 
submit the following report : 

That, in compliance with instructions, they assembled at the Military 
Academy, on the 10th day of June, and organized by the appoint- 
ment of a president and secretary. 

Immediately after the organization, the board of visitors, under the 
escort of the superintendent and members of the academic staff, pro- 
ceeded to make the usual examination of the buildings of the institu- 
tion. 

Each day between the hours of 9 a. m. and 3 p. m., for several suc- 
cessive days, was devoted to the examination of the various classes 
remaining at the institution, on the subjects which formed their courses 
of instruction. 

The board of visitors did not consider it necessary to subdivide 
themselves into more than two committees, corresponding to the two 
committees of the academic board. The result of their examination 
will be communicated under appropriate heads. 

INSTRUCTION. 

The average proficiency of the cadets of the Military Academy, as 
determined by the manner in which they acquitted themselves at the 
examination, was fair, but it appears evident that although many in 
the upper sections exhibited a high degree of intellectual culture, a 
large proportion in the lower sections fell below the standard which 
the country expects, and should require in this institution. 

This diversity of talent in members of the same class must seriously 
interfere with the course of instruction, which, if adapted to intellects 
of the highest grade, could not be followed by those of inferior capacity, 
and if arranged tor a standard of mediocrity, would not secure the 
proficiency which the honor of the nation and the public interest im- 
peratively require. 

In regard to the details of instruction, the board of visitors are of 
the opinion that the academic board — comprising as it does gentlemen 
of the highest order of intellectual attainments ; of national reputa- 
tion in their respective departments ; of unquestioned and unquestion- 
able integrity ; familiar by the experience of years with the details 
and routine of their respective departments; fully acquainted with the 
wants of the service, and actuated by a desire to make the Military 
Academy an instrumentality of the highest usefulness — should always 
be consulted in reference to the effect of any proposed changes in the 
programme of studies and exercises, and that the recommendations of 
the academic board should be carried out unless good reasons shall be 



30 REPORT OF THE 

found to exist for the contrary. It is believed that ranch inconvenience 
and positive injury have resulted from sudden and arbitrary changes 
within the last few years. 

.Much diversity of opinion appears to have existed in the reports of 
former boards oi visitors on the question whether permanency or rota- 
tion amongst the instructors is most conducive to the interests of the 
service. The opinion of the undersigned is that the heads of the de- 
partments of instruction should be permanent, in order that the highest 
order of proficiency may be attainable, but that the four years rule of 
rotation as applied to assistant instructors is perhaps the best possible 
for themselves and for the service. 

The rotation should be made subject to the following conditions : 

1. No assistant instructor should be changed except at the end of an 
academic year, unless required by some extraordinary contingency. 

2. The head of each department should have the privilege of nom- 
inating his assistants, as he is obviously best qualified, from his 
knowledge of graduates, to select individuals fitted to give instruction, 
while his own reputation, involved in the success of his department, is 
a guarantee that no improper selection would be made. Even if made, 
the evil would be but temporary, as rotation at the end of four years 
would provide a remedy. 

In favor of rotation as applicable to assistant instructors, it may be 
observed that the possibility of being called upon to act as assistant 
instructors would stimulate officers of the army to increased diligence 
in study, at the same time it is the opinion of the board that the rule 
of rotation should in certain cases be suspended in favor of first assist- 
ant professors of eminent ability and promise. As to the length of 
the course, the board of visitors concur with the academic board in the 
opinion, that with a proper programme of studies and in improved 
system in the selection of cadets, four years, while-it is more econom- 
ical than five, will be amply sufficient to secure all that is or should 
be expected of the institution, but that neither five or even six yean 
would be sufficient for the inferior grade of intellect too often sent to 
the academy to become respectable, much less creditable. The fate 
which must necessarily await such appointees is dismissal for incom- 
petency, with a discredit which often attaches to them for life, and 
becomes a barrier to future progress elsewhere. Inferior ability, even 
mediocrity, should find no place at the Military Academy; then would 
rejection, with its attendant consequences, be less frequent, and a four 
years course be found to be sufficient. The real cause of difficulty lies 
not in the length of the course itself', but in the inferior order of talent 
which results from the present mode of making cadet appointments, 
lions in reference to the remedy to be provided, may with 
propriety be submitted in this connexion. 

The candidates for admission should be, as hereto!' sel ted from 
any class of society. The academy should be open to all, without 
relerence to patronage, wealth, or social position. But little influence 
should be attached to previous intellectual attainments, but much to 
natural talents, physical vigor, and moral character. Inasmuch as 
the expenses of the Military Academy are paid by government, and 
as great competition exists for the privilege of admission, the nation 



SECkETARY OF WAR. 31 

has a right to, and can and should secure the highest order of talent 
and most eminent qualification in the prospective graduates of the 
Military Academy. It is not right that individual partialities should 
entail upon government the expense of attempting to educate a youth 
of inferior abilities when the same expenditure might give the nation 
a cultivated mind of the highest order, repaying perhaps an hundred 
fold in substantial benefits the cost of its development, and reflecting, 
even to the old world, a lustre upon the reputation of the country. 

It is believed that the present mode of appointing cadets is attended 
with many evils and is liable to much abuse. It may be difficult to 
secure a change of system, but the board believe that difficulties, or 
the improbabilities of securing favorable action upon a recommenda- 
tion, should not prevail with them so far as to induce them to refrain 
from expressing an opinion. Whatever they believe to be right or 
proper, and for the best interests of the institution and of the service, 
should be recommended without hesitation. Influenced by such con- 
siderations they are of opinion that any mode of appointment which 
allows individuals to make the selection with no reference to qualifi- 
cations, but simply by favor, will always be subject to great abuse. 

When a vacancy is about to occur in any congressional district, the 
member from that district is usually beset with hosts of applicants. 
He can nominate but one individual; the rest are disappointed; many 
of them, perhaps, vindictive. His nomination is, in many cases, de- 
termined more by the political influence of the friends of the nominee 
than by his fitness to receive the appointment. 

If, instead of a single individual, the member from each district 
should be allowed to nominate a large number, not less or more than 
would be included within certain reasonable limits, who would be ex- 
amined by an impartial commission with reference to a standard pre- 
scribed by the War Department, and a certificate given in each district 
to the individual best qualified, who should receive the appointment, 
much of the difficulty, if not the whole of it, would be at once re- 
moved. 

Without attempting to fill up the details of a system, the following 
general outline is presented: 

1. When a vacancy occurs in any congressional district, the mem- 
ber of Congress from that district shall nominate any number of young 
men, not less than 10 nur more than 24, of suitable age and qualifi- 
cations, as candidates for admission. 

2. The candidates, assembled at some convenient place in each dis- 
trict, shall be examined by a commission of three persons appointed 
by the member of Congress from that district, who shall certify the 
name of the individual found to be best qualified, and the individual 
so certified shall be recommended to receive the appointment. 

3. The qualifications requisite for admission shall be a knowledge 
of spelling, reading, writing and arithmetic, to the extent usually 
taught in common schools; but in deciding upon the claims of an ap- 
plicant particular inquiries should be made as to his : oppor- 
tunities tor receiving instruction. His antecedents should be examined 
with special reference to the probabilities of success in the future. 
Less value should be attached to intellectual development resulting 



32 REPORT OF THE 

from long application under favorable circumstances than to more 
limited attainmei ts .secured by perseverance under difficulties of con- 
dition. It should be remembered that some of the most brilliant 
graduates of the Military Academy were men who entered with very 
limited attainments, si-cured by energy and perseverance, without the 
advantages of wealth or high social position, and that graduates of 
other institutions have sometimes been left by them far in the rear in 
the race of competition. 

The commission should decide upon the claims of applicants upon 
such instructions as the War Department could readily prepare, and 
it is reasonable to presume that, a regard for the reputation of the 
State would secure in the commission the requisite care that its repre- 
sentatives in the Military Academy would be such as would not dis- 
ci edit their recommendation. 

Such a system, which has the high sanction of European precedent 
in the competition for appointments, and which would probably secure 
the best applicant in an average of twenty, would greatly elevate the 
odard of intellectual attainments, render the rejection, as at present, 
of nearly two-thirds of all who are appointed unnecessary, and remove 
from the Military Academy the hostility which has resulted from the 
fact that so large a proportion must annually be found deficient. 

The board are of the opinion that all the members of 'the first class 
should be practically exercised in the duties of captains and lieuten- 
ants at drill, and occasionally direct the evolutions of battalions and 
of batteries, under charge of one of the instructors of tactics. 

The board learn with much gratification that the facilities for cav- 
alry and light artillery exercises, recently removed from the Military 
Academy, have been ordered to be restored, it is highly desirable that 
the instruction in these important arms of the service should not be 
neglected. 

In the chemical department very little addition has been made to the 
apparatus tor a period of thirty years, during which time the great 
progress in useful and important discoveries and improvements renders 
chemistry almost a new science. In many of its branches the most 
wonderful progress has been made ; but the apparatus is entirely be- 
hind the age, and insufficient for the purposes of illustration. 

An increase in the cabinet for instruction in mineralogy, geology, 
and paleontology, is highly important, in order that officers of the 
army may be qualified to make observations in remote localities, to 
which they are often sent, and furnish correct and valuable data for 
scientific and practioal purposes. 

For further information in regard to the wants of this department 
reference may be made to the report of the commission appointed 
under the act of Congress of June 21, 1800, (Senate Doc. No. 3, page 
142,) where the subject is fully explained by the professor to whom 
this department is intrusted. The statements therein contained are 
recommended to the favorable consideration of the War Department. 

It is regarded as highly important that practical instruction in the 
use of telegraphic instruments be given each year to the first class 
before graduating, and the board oi visitors recommend that apparatus 
for this purpose be procured and a competent instructor be employed. 



SECRETARY OF WAR. 33 

Since the transfer of Captain Benton to another post, the instructor 
of ordnance has been performing the duties of chief of the depart- 
ment with less than the compensation to which he seems entitled. 

The instructor of ordnance and gunnery is a member of the aca- 
demic board and chief of a separate department of instruction ; but 
the present incumbent having merely the rank of lieutenant, his com- 
pensation is less than that of the assistant professors, who are assist- 
ants only, and who are all his juniors in army rank. 

The committee appointed under the act of June 21, 18G0, herein- 
before referred to, recommend in their report (page 13) "that the 
instructor of ordnance and gunnery receive the pay and emoluments 
of a captain of engineers, and receive, in addition thereto, twenty-five 
dollars per month." 

As assistant professor of ethics, the present instructor of ordnance 
received, as is usual, the pay and emoluments of a captain of engi- 
neers. When transferred to a higher department, with more respon- 
sibility and labor, the compensation, owing to a defect in the present 
law, was reduced to that of lieutenant of artillery. 

As the just claims of this department have probably been overlooked, 
it is recommended that the officer in charge of the ordnance depart- 
ment be allowed the pay and emoluments proposed by the commission 
above referred to. 

In the department of practical engineering the removal of the de- 
tachment of sappers and miners is a most serious disadvantage. The 
graduating class, who, in two weeks, may be called upon to execute 
works of field fortification and construct temporary defences, have no 
knowledge of these subjects except that which is derived from books. 
They should see constructed, and, as far as practicable, assist in con- 
structing, the various kinds of sap, gabions, hurdles, palisades, etc., 
that they, in time, may be qualified to instruct others. Even a small 
number of men would be of great service in this branch of instruction. 

DISCIPLINE. 

A comparison of the present state of discipline at the Military Acad- 
emy with that which formerly existed within the recollection of mem- 
bers of the board who have been connected with the institution, has 
satisfied them that a great change, to the detriment of the service, has 
taken place. 

Even during the examination exercises, and in presence of the board 
of visitors, a number of cadets, including several of the graduating 
class, when required to perform an evolution not perfectly agreeable 
to them, fell out of the ranks and proceeded to their quarters. For 
this offence they were placed in arrest, but the act itself was one which 
would not have been committed if a proper state of discipline and 
subordination existed in the institution. 

In seeking an explanation for the demoralization which appears to 
exist, the board have no difficulty in discovering a cause amply suf- 
ficient to account for the present condition of things. It is found in 
the fact that for some time past the War Department has apparently 
paid no respect to the recommendations of the academic board, but 

3 



34 EEPORT OF THE 

has repeatedly reinstated or reappointed cadets found deficient or dis- 
missed for violation of rules. 

As the importance of this subject required that it should he dis- 
tinctly presented to the department, care was taken to procure evidences 
from the academic records and the opinions of prominent members of 
the academic staff. 

A communication was addressed to the superintendent of the Mili- 
tary Academy, by resolution of the board of visitors, requesting a copy 
of "the names of all cadets who had been reinstated or reappointed 
within the last year, with the time such cadet was discharged or 
resigned, and the causes therefor, together with his full academic 
record and the effect of such reinstatement upon the discipline of the 
academy/' 

With the reply of the superintendent were included copies of letters 
from the late Secretaries of War containing the action of the depart- 
ment upon the recommendations of the academic board as to the dis- 
position of those cadets who were " not proficient " at the examinations 
of June, 1860, and January, 1861, or whose conduct, in the opinion 
of the board, unfitted them for the army. 

The superintendent, in transmitting the information asked for, 
accompanied the documents with the following remarks : 

" A careful examination of the records of those cadets, herewith 
sent, as to scholarship and demerit, up to the periods when the board 
made their recommendations, and of the same particulars as to all of 
those who are still connected with the institution, will enable the 
board of visitors to form a correct opinion as to the effect on discipline 
of reinstating or reappointing cadets who, after a careful examination, 
have been pronounced ' not proficient/ or who have exceeded the 
utmost limit of demerit allowed by the regulations of the academy. 

"Restoration to the academy, after recommendation for dismissal by 
the academic board, has unquestionably been prejudicial to discipline. 
The hope of being reinstated, founded on such precedents, has caused 
more neglect of study than indolence, and a greater disregard of the 
regulations of the academy than has arisen from naturally vicious or 
careless habits. If the government have not full confidence in the 
ability and integrity of those to whom is intrusted the management 
of this national school, it should be committed to other and more 
competent persons. A failure on the part of government to sustain 
the academic board in their official acts discourages them in the per- 
formance of their duties, while it encourages those under their charge 
to acts of insubordination and neglect of duty." 

The papers accompanying the report of the superintendent exhibit 
the fact that at the examination in June, I860, nineteen cadets were 
found " not proficient," and all but three were recommended to be 
discharged — three to be turned back. All of the discharged cadets 
have been returned to the academy. 

Several of these cadets had been found deficient at previous examina- 
tions ; some, in addition to deficiency, had been reported as extremely 
inattentive to regulations, and an opinion expressed by the board that 
they could not accomplish their course. Yet, notwithstanding all this, 



SECRETARY OF WAR. 35 

and in direct opposition to the opinions of the board, the cadets were 
returned. 

Of eleven cadets found " not proficient" in January, 1861, six have 
been reappointed to enter this June. Three were reinstated to con- 
tinue with their respective classes ; one was found deficient in Jan- 
uary, 1860, and reappointed to enter this June. 

One of the cadets reappointed to enter this June is shown by his 
academic record to have had 252 demerits in a period of six months, 
while any excess over 100 would have been sufficient to incur the 
penalty of dismissal. During the latter part of his career he defied 
the authorities of the academy altogether, and had to be kept in close 
confinement. 

Several of the cadets who have been reappointed were reported by 
the academic board to " possess no capacity whatever for acquiring the 
course under the most favorable circumstances." 

The indorsement of the Secretary of War on the report of cadets 
pronounced " not proficient" in January, 1861, exhibits the fact that, 
contrary to the recommendations of the board, two cadets were per- 
mitted to go on with their respective classes. 

The superintendent of the Military Academy was instructed to in- 
form the discharged cadets, eleven in number, that " should their re- 
spective members of Congress think proper to renominate them, they 
would be reappointed and permitted to return to the academy in June 
next." 

In other words, the recommendations of the academic board were 
not only disregarded, but the superintendent was placed in the 
humiliating position of being himself required to inform the dis- 
charged cadets that if renominated they would be reappointed. 

To enable the department to form a correct opinion of the inutility 
of reinstating cadets found deficient by the academic board, the fol- 
lowing extract from a communication addressed to the president of 
the board of visitors, at his request, by the professor of mathematics, 
is submitted : 

Case No. 1. — Declared deficient in June, 1859; recommended for dis- 
charge ; turned back on fifth class course ; stands 21 in a class of 26 
members. 

Case No. 2. — Deficient in January, 1859; discharged; reappointed 
in June, 1859 ; deficient in June, 1860 ; recommended for discharge ; 
permitted to go on with his class ; of doubtful proficiency in 4th class 
course in June, 1861 ; re-examined by academic board ; stands next 
to foot of class. 

Case No. 3. — Deficient in June, 1859; recommended for discharge; 
turned back on 5th class course ; of doubtful proficiency in 4th class 
course in June, 1861 ; re-examined by academic board; stands at foot 
of class. 

Case No. 4. — Deficient in June, 1859; recommended for discharge; 
turned back ; re-examined June, 1861, and found deficient. 

Case No. 5. — Deficient in June, 1860 ; recommended for discharge ; 
turned back ; re-examined in June, 1861 ; found deficient. 

Of seven members of the class deemed of doubtful proficiency on 
examination by the committee, and re-examined by the academic 
board, four, as appears above, had been previously found deficient, 
and recommended for discharge. 



36 REPORT OF THE 

These facts will enable the department to determine whether the 
benefits resulting to individuals from reinstating cadets found deficient 
and recommended for discharge is sufficient to compensate for the 
evils to the service which result from the practice. 

In view of all the facts, the board of visitors recommend that cadets 
pronounced " not proficient" by the academic board shall be dismissed 
unless recommended by the board to be turned back ; and in no case 
shall a cadet who has been discharged be reinstated or reappointed 
unless peculiar circumstances shall induce the academic board so to 
recommend. 

The correspondence on the subject of reinstating cadets is submitted 
with this report. 

INCREASE IN THE CORrS OF CADETS. 

Since the year of 1812, when the Military Academy was thoroughly 
reorganized, there has been no material increase in the number of 
cadets annually educated at the academy. The total number then 
was fixed at 250 ; the possible maximum is now but 273 ; but yet, 
while the increase in the corps of cadets has been thus inconsiderable, 
our population has quadrupled in number, our territorial possessions 
have well nigh doubled in extent, while our necessities for military 
service and its kindred scientific pursuits have increased in a still 
larger proportion than either. 

It is obvious that the wants of the service require an increase in 
the number of cadets. It appears from inquiry that the present 
buildin°\, are sufficient to accommodate comfortably about 400 stu- 
dents. To give them instruction, no increase in the academic staff, 
recitation rooms, or apparatus, would be necessary, beyond that which 
is now required, excepting, perhaps, a few assistants. Almost the 
only expense attendant upon an increase in the number of cadets to 
400 would be for their pay. It is recommended, therefore, that an 
immediate increase be made to this extent by authorizing each senator 
to nominate one cadet in addition to those to which the congressional 
districts are entitled under existing customs, the balance to be made 
up by appointments at large. 

In reference to police, fiscal affairs, &c, the board of visitors see 
no defects in the present systems in operation at the Military Academy, 
and have no recommendations to make 
All of which is respectfully submitted. 

CHARLES DAVIES, 

President of Board of Visitors. 

HERMAN HAUPT, 

Secretary of Board of Visitors. 

JAMES S. ALBAN. 

ASAHEL 'BUSH. 

JAMES (i. BLAINE. 

JAMES CLARK. 

DAVID COOPER. 

ALEXANDER CUMMINGS. 

DAVID DAVIS. 

JOHN WOODRUFF. 
Hon. Simon Cameron, Secretary of War. 



SECRETARY OF WAR. 37 



List of papers accompanying the report of the board of visitors of the 
Military Academy at West Point for the year 1861. 

A. — Letter from H. Haupt, secretary of the board of visitors, to the 
superintendent of the Military Academy, enclosing resolutions of in- 
quiry. 

B. — Reply of the superintendent to the letter of the secretary. 

C. — Tabular statement of cadets found deficient, or dismissed and 
reinstated, with remarks, &c. 

D. — Copy of the instructions of the Secretary of War, exhibiting 
his action in the case of cadets pronounced " not proficient," in June, 
1860. 

E. — Copy of indorsements of the Secretary of War on the report 
of cadets pronounced "not proficient," in January, 1861. 

F. — Copy of communication containing instructions to turn back a 
cadet found deficient in mathematics and French. 

Gr. — Letter from the professor of mathematics at the Military 
Academy to the president of the board of visitors in reference to 
cadets found deficient and reinstated. 



A. 

West Point, June 11, 1861. 

Sir : I have the honor to inform you that at a meeting held this 
day the following resolution was passed by the board of visitors, viz: 
Resolved, That the superintendent of the Military Academy be 
requested to communicate to the board of visitors the names of all the 
cadets who have been reinstated or reappointed within the last year, 
with the time such cadet was discharged or resigned, and the causes 
therefor, together with his full academic record, and the effect of such 
reinstatement upon the discipline of the academy. 
Very resoectfuily yours, 

H. HAUPT, 
Secretary of the Board of Visitors. 



B. 

United States Military Academy, 

West Point, N. Y., June 12, 1861. 

Sir : In compliance with the resolution of the board of visitors 
requesting " the names of all the cadets who have been reinstated or 
reappointed within the last year, with the time such cadet was dis- 
charged or resigned, and the causes therefor, together with his full 
academic record, and the effects of such reinstatement upon the discip- 
line of the academy," I have the honor to lay before the board a 



38 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 

list of the names of all cadets who come under the inquiry, together 
with their academic record. This call includes those found deficient 
at the examination in June of last year, and in January, 1861. 

I enclose, also, copies of letters from Secretaries Floyd and Holt, 
containing the action of the War Department upon the recommenda- 
tion of the academic hoard as to the disposition to he made of those 
cadets who were not proficient at the examinations of June, 1860, 
and January, 1861, or whose conduct, in the opinion of the hoard, 
unfitted them for the army. 

A careful examination of the record of those cadets, herewith sent, 
as to scholarship and demerit, up to the periods when the board made 
their recommendations, and of the same particulars as to all of those 
who are still connected with the institution, will enable the board of 
visitors to form a correct opinion as to the effect on discipline of rein- 
stating or reappointing cadets, who, after a careful examination, have 
been pronounced " not proficient," or who have exceeded the utmost 
limit of demerit allowed by the regulations of the academy. 

Restoration to the academy, after recommendation for dismissal by 
the academic hoard, has unquestionably been prejudicial to discipline. 
The hope of being reinstated, founded on such precedents, has 
caused more neglect of study than indolence, and a greater disregard 
of the regulations of the academy than has arisen from naturally 
vicious or careless habits. If the government have not full confidence 
in the ability and integrit}' - of those to whom is intrusted the manage- 
ment of this national school, it should be committed to other and. 
more conpetent persons. A failure on the part of government to 
sustain the academic board in their official acts discourages them in 
the performance of their duties, while it encourages those under their 
charge to acts of insubordination and neglect of duty. 

All of which is respectfully submitted. 

A. H. BOWMAN, 
Col. of Engineers and Sup't Blilitary Academy. 



REPORT 



CADETS OF THE UMTED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY 



JUNE, 18G0, AND JANUARY, 1861. 



40 



REPORT OF THE 

C. — Report of the Cadets of the United States Military Academy, who, at the exami 



N tm< -. 



State. 



Age. 



Time al 

acade- 



Habits with 



In what deficient. Aptitude. 



- 



Vrs. Mo. '. re Mo 



Blackis tone, William T. 
lilocker, John II 



Dixon, Jo 



Dodge, Henry C. 



Farley, Henry S.... 
Hamilton, James .. 
Kinney, Richard S. 
Lord, James II 



Maney, Frank 



Murray. Allien M 

McKee, George W 

Russell E. Kirby 

Wilson J. Eveleth 

Bai nard, William C . ... 



Cowan, Robert V 
Drumb, Elisha 10. 
Sanno, James M. 



Taliaferro, John , 



Vance, Joseph XV 

[Report approved li> Sec- 
retary of War, but all 
the cadets returned to 
the academy.] 



January, 1861. 
Buckmaster, Sam. A., jr, 

Buchanan, Edward T.. 



Critcblow, Benj. D. 
Custer, George A... 
Diraick, Justin E. . 



Drumb, Elisha E. 



Kinzie, David li . . . . 
Leimer, Charles T. . 

Richmond, Oregon, . 

Wilson, Henry S.... 

Mills, Samuel M., jr. 



Md . 
At large 

Mi . . 



\. V.. 

s. c. 

S. C. 

Va ... 
Pa 



Tcnn.. 

N.Y... 

At large 
...do... 

...do... 
N.J... 



N.C. 
Ind.. 
N.J. 



Va 

111. 



111.. 
At large 



. r, a... 

Ohm 
At large 

Ind.... 



Kansas 
Mo.... 



If) 

17 


5 
6 


17 


11 


16 


1 


18 
16 
17 

17 


:< 
11 
4 
4 


18 


4 



4 


17 


11 


4 


16 


3 


4 


17 


6 


4 


16 




5 


17 


5 



1 10 Conduct Very good Rather studious 

.... Mathematics and Verylittle Very studious. . 

French. 

10 French Little Studious 



.do... 



Idle 



Mathematics and 
French. 

French do Verj idle 

Conduct Ordinary. Variable.... 

Mathematics .... Little Idle 

French do Not studious 



Conduct Fail 



French Verylittle 

Conduct Fair 

Mathematics Little — 



Variable. 



Very studious 

Variable 

Not studious. 



French Fair do. 

Mathematics and Little Studious 

English studies. 



do Verylittle Rather studious. 

English studies. .. Little do 

Mathematics Verylittli .. .do 



Mathematics and ..do do. 

English studies. 
Mathematics.. .. Little [die 



Math-'cs, Eng. stu- Little.... 

dies, ^ conduct. 
Mathematics and . .do 

conduct. 

Mathematics do 

Ethics Ordinary. 

Ethics Good 



Conduct Little. 



Very idle 

Not studious . . . 

Rather studious. 

do 

Very idle 

Noi studious. . . 



Mathematics Fair Idle 

Mathematics and Verv little Noi studious. 



English studies. 

Mathematics and . .do. . . 
conduct. 

Mathematics ami Little . 

English studies. 
do <!<>•• . 



X> i> idle 

Noi studious. 



Studious. 



Notes.— Cadets Buckmaster, Critchlnw, Drumb, Leiraer, Wilson, and Mills, have been reappointed to en 
Cadet Breeze resigned Decembei 19, I860 ; stood verj low in his studies, and had over the allowance of deme 
the authorities of the academy altogether, and had to be kepi in confinement. Cadets Drumb and Breeze 
Leimer, Critcblow, and othei . emed to possess no capacity whatever for acquiring the course under the 

* Francis Richmond, a brother of Oregon Richmond, was found deficient at 



SECRETARY OF WAR. 
nation*; in June, 1860, and January, 1SG1, were pronounced " not proficient 



41 



regard to- 



General conduct. 



.Special remarks in each case. 



x At time of recommendation for discharge. Since return to academv. 



Regardless of regulations. 
Inattentive to do. . 



Very inattentive to.. .do. . 



Not inattentive to do. 

Extremely., do do. 

Regardless of do. 

Very inattentive to. . .do. 
do do. 



Regardless of do . . 

Attentive to do . , 

Regardless of. do. 

Very inattentive to. . .do. . 

Not attentive to do. . 

Very attentive to.... do.. 



Not attentive to do. . 

Very inattentive to. ..do. . 
Verv attentive to ....do. , 



Very inattentive to. ..do.. 
Extremely. . .do do. , 



S< : irdli - ol regulations 

do do. 

Not inattentive to lo. 

Vei | inattentive to., .do. 
do do. 

Regardless of do. 

Very inattentive to ..do. 
Not attentive to do. 

Regard less of do . 

Not attentive to do. 

Very inattentive to . .do. 



114 
7-1 



9S 



99 

144 



146 



Rec mended for discharge 

......do do. ... 



Resigned April 25, 1801. 
Resigned Dec. -J?, 1S60. 



In consideration that Cadet D. failed to pass 
his examination in June, 1858, and of his 
extreme inattention to regulations, the 
board recommend that he he discharged. 

Recommended for discharge 



do do 

do do 

do do 

In view of the fact that Cadel L. failed to 
pass his examination in June, 1858, and of 
his extreme inattention to regulations, the 
hoard recommend that he he discharged. 

Recommended for discharge 



21 The hoard see noohjection to Cadet M. being 

turned hack into the next class. 
109 Recommended tor discharge 



97 



.do. 



The board see no objection to Cadet W. bein 
turned hack into the next class. 

The hoard is of the opinion that Cadet B. , Stands well. 
failed mainly from absence and sickness; 
and although he was found deficient in 
January, 1859, recommend that he be | 
turned back into succeeding class. 

Recommended for discharge 

do do 

i In view of the fact that Cadet S. failed to 
pass his examination in January, 1859, and 
of the belief entertained by the board of 
his inability to accomplish his course, the 
hoard is ol opinion that he should be dis- 
4 i barged. 

Recommended for discharge 



Do. 



About middle of class. 

Resigned Nov. 19, 1860. 

Resigned Nov. 23, 1860. 

Resigned April 22, 1861. 

In last section of each 
study, and low in sec- 
tion. 

Did not return from fur- 
lough ; resigned August 
28, 1860. 

Very low. 

Little below middle of hi? 
class ; 108 demerit. 

Low in class, over numbei 
of demerit, and about to 
oiler his resignation. 

Low in class. 



Resigned April 21, 1861. 
Discharged Feb. 9, 1861. 
Low in class. 



99 



252 

114 

;js 

95 

86 

186 



In view of the fact that Cadet V. failed to 
pass his examination in January 1859, and 
of the belief entertained by the board of 
his inability to accomplish his course, and 
of his extreme inattention to regulations, 
the board is of the opinion that he should 
be discharged. 

Recommended for discharge 



Resigned April 21, 185:. 
Resigned Aug. 2, 1860. 



.do. 



.do Resigned April 22, 1861. 

.do 



do 

do do Low in class. 

Recommenced for discharge; and the board Below middle of class. 

remarks that Cadet D. had previously been 

found deficient in conduct and turned back. 
The hoard recommend that Cadet B., having Discharged Feb. 9, 1861 

been previously found deficient in studies 

and turned back, be discharged. 

Recommended for discharge 

do do 



.do 
.do. 

.do. 



.do 
.do. 

do. 



ter this Juno. Cadets Buchanan, Custer, and Dimick were reinstated, to continue with their respective classes 
rit; has been reappointed to enter this June. Cadet Buck master, during the latter part of his career, defied 
were indifferent to their duties, and had nearly an equal contempt of military authority. Cadets Richmond," 
most favorable circumstances. HERMAN BIGGS, 2d Lt. IU Inf'ty, Mjt. M. *1. 

the examination in January, 18o0 ; has been reappointed to enter this June. 



42 REPORT OF THE 



D. 

Copy of the action of the Secretary of War on the report of the cadets of 
the United States Military Academy, icho, at the examination in June, 
I860, ivere pronounced " not proficient." 

This report has been carefully considered, and is confirmed. In 
accordance with the recommendation of the inspector of the academy. 
Cadets Murray, J. E. Wilson, and Barnard will be permitted to go 
on with the succeeding classes. 

In the cases of Cadets Blackistone, Blocker, Farley, Hamilton, Kin- 
ney, Lord, McKee, Maney, Russell, Dixon, Dodge, Cowan, Drumb, 
San no, Taliaferro, and Vance, while they have rendered themselves 
liable to the penalty justly imposed by the regulations for continued, 
inattention to study and misconduct, the department indulges the 
hope that the discipline of the academy may be vindicated without a 
resort to that extreme penalty, and that if these cadets are spared the 
discredit that would necessarily attach to them if separated from the 
institution under the circumstances connected with the recommenda- 
tion for their discharge, the ill consequences of which to themselves 
and the mortification to their friends they do not appear to have con- 
templated, they will make use of their best exertions to confirm the 
expectations the department entertains of their disposition now to 
atone, as far as may be in their power, for the errors of the past. 
They will therefore be allowed to go on with their respective succeed- 
ing classes. They are admonished, however, that it is only by strict 
attention to study and a faithful observance of the regulations that 
they can hope to realize the great benefits the Military Academy is 
capable of conferring. * 

JOHN B. FLOYD, 

Secretary of War. 

War Department, July 2, 1860. 

Engineer Department, July 6, 1860. 

A true copv. 

H. G. WRIGHT, 
Captain of Engineers, in charge. 

Adjutant's Office, June 12, 1861. 

A true copy. 

HERMAN BIGGS, 
Id Lieut. 1st Inf'y, Adj't Military Academy. 

War Department, July 30, I860. 

On a reperusal of my decision of the 2d instant, on the report of the 
cadets of the United Slates Military Academy, who, at the examination 
in June last, were pronounced not proficient, I find that, from haste 
and inadvertence in its preparation, my intention is not correctly 
expressed. 



SECRETARY OF WAR. 43 

I intended to direct that Cadets Kinney, Russell, Dodge, Bernard, 
Cowan, Drurnb, Taliaferro, and Vance, should be turned back one year, 
and that the other cadets named in the report should receive the ad- 
monition expressed in my decision, and he permitted to continue with 
their respective classes. 

The necessary orders to carry this explanation of my decision of the 
2d instant into effect will be issued. 

JOHN B. FLOYD, 

Secretary of War. 

Engineer Department, 

Washington, July 31, 18G0. 

I certify the foregoing to be a correct copy of the original indorse- 
ment on file in this office. 

H. G. WRIGHT, 
Captain of Engineers, in charge. 

Adjutant's Office, June 12, 1801. 

A true copv. 

HERMAN BIGGS, 
2d Lieut. 1st Inf'y, Adj't Military Academy. 



E. 

Engineer Department, 
Washington, February 4, 18G1. 

Colonel: The following is a copy of the indorsement of the Secre- 
tary of War on the " Report of the cadets of the United States Mili- 
tary Academy, who, at the examination in January, 1801, were pro- 
nounced not proficient," viz: 

" War Department, February 1, 1801. 

"The recommendations of the academic board are approved, with 
the exception that Cadets Edward Y. Buchanan and George A. Custer 
will be permitted to go on with their respective classes. 

" The chief engineer will at once notify the members of Congress of 
the vacancies created at the Military Academy from their respective 
districts by the discharge of Cadets Buck-master, Critchlow, Hopkins, 
Leimer, Mills, Over, Overall, Richmond, Stewart, Wilkinson and 
Wilson, and of their privilege immediately to make nominations to 
fill those vacancies. 

" The superintendent of the Military Academy will be requested to 
inform the discharged cadets above named, that, should their respective 
members of Congress think proper to renominate them, they will be 
reappointed and permitted to return to the academy in June next. 

"J. HOLT, 
1 ' Secretary of War. ' ' 



44 REPORT OF THE 

******* 

The superintendent is accordingly instructed to carry into imme- 
diate execution the instructions embraced in the last paragraph of the 
Secretary's indorsement. 

Verv respectfully, your obedient servant, 

JOSEPH G. TOTTEX, 
Brevet Brigadier General and Colonel Engineers. 
Colonel Richabd Delafield, 

Major Eng. and Sup' t Mil. Acad., West Point, N. Y. 

Adjutant's Office, June 12, 18G1. 
A true copy. HERMAN BIGGS, 

2d Lieutenant 1st Infantry, Adjutant M. A. 



Engineer Department, 

Washington, August 20, 1860. 

Colonel: The Secretary of War directs that Cadet John R. Blocker, 
found deficient in mathematics and French at the late June examina- 
tion, be turned back one year. 

Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

R. E. DE RUSSY, 
Lieutenant Colonel Engineers, Commanding. 
Col. R. Delafield, 

Major Corps of Eng., Sup. Mil. Acad., West Point, N. Y. 

Adjutant's Office, June 12, 1861. 

A true copy. HERMAN BIGGS, 

2d Lieutenant 1st Infantry, Adjutant 31. A. 



G. 

United States Military Academy, 

July IT, 1861. 

Dear Sir: In accordance with your request, I have the honor to 
submit the following " statement of cadets of the 4th class, who have 
previously been found deficient in the course of mathematics:" 

1. Cadet Bobbins. — Declared deficient June, 1859; recommended for 
discharge; turned back on 5th class course; has now passed the ex- 
amination on 4th class course, and stands 21 in the class of 26 mem- 
bers. 

2. Cadet Sanno. — Deficient in January, 1859; discharged; reap- 
pointed in June, 1859; deficient in June, 1860; recommended for dis- 
charge; permitted to go on with his class; of doubtful proficiency in 
4th class course in June, 1861; re-examined by academic board and 
passed; stands 25 in class. 



SECRETARY OF WAR. 45 

3. Cadet Beid. — Deficient in June, 1859; recommended for dis- 
charge; turned back on 5th class course; of doubtful proficiency on 
4th class course in June, 1861; re-examined by academic board and 
passed; stands 26 in the class. 

4. Cadet Merritt. — Deficient in June, 1859; recommended for dis- 
charge; turned back on 5th class course; re-examined in 4th class 
course by academic board in June, 1861, and declared deficient. 

5. Cadtt Russell. — Deficient in June, 1860; recommended for dis- 
charge; turned back on 4th class course; re-examined on 4th class 
course by academic board in June, 1861, and declared deficient. 

REMAKE. 

Of seven members of the class deemed of doubtful proficiency, on 
examination by the committee and re-examined by the academic board, 
four, as appears above, had been previously declared deficient and 
recommended for discharge. 
Respectfully submitted. 

A. E. CHURCH, 
Professor of Mathematics. 
Professor C. Davies, 

President Board of Visitors. 



SUPPLEMENTARY REPORT. 



West Point, N. Y., Jane 21, 1861. 

The undersigned, whilst concurring mainly in the foregoing report, 
desire to add a few remarks upon a subject not embraced therein. It 
has reference to the absolute dismissal of cadets upon their incurring 
a certain number of demerit marks — these marks being given for 
offences oftentimes of an inconsequential character. According to 
the prescribed discipline of the academy, a cadet may be exceedingly 
proficient in his studies, and give every promise of distinction in the 
service and of usefulness to his country, and yet if he incur over one 
hundred demerit marks for any offences whatever, no matter how 
trivial, within a period of six months, he is doomed by the existing 
rules to dismissal from the academy. The undersigned feel persuaded 
that the operation of this system is frequently prejudicial to the very 
interests which the academy was founded to subserve, and they are 
convinced that the true ends of the most stringent discipline may be 
attained by ordaining that all offences below a certain grade shall 
be expiated by a system of punishments and deprivation of privileges, 
to follow instantly upon the commission of the offence. 

If, under the system of discipline thus suggested, the minor regu- 
lations of the academy should be so persistently violated by any 
cadet as to warrant the belief on the part of the academic board 
that he is deficient in the true spirit of discipline requisite for the sol- 
dier, he may be removed from the academy by a vote of the academic 
board, after his demerits shall have reached a fixed number. The 
object of the undersigned is not to weaken the discipline of the insti- 



46 REPORT OF THE 

tution, but, by a judicious change in the mode of administration, to 
save some of the most promising members of the corps from 
the operation of an arbitrary rule, and to repose the ultimate decision 
in that well-balanced discretion which the academic board may be 
relied upon to use in all cases calling for its exercise. A vital reform 
in the disciplinary department would introduce a distinction between 
mala in se and mala pi-ohibita, that does not seem now to exist, and 
indeed, in the opinion of the undersigned, at once elevate the stand- 
ard of morals and manhood in the corps of cadets. 

The undersigned cannot but believe that a system of demerit marks 
which practically ignores the distinction between offences against mere 
military etiquette and offences involving grave points of morals, is 
defective in the highest elements of excellence, and productive ot de- 
plorable results in the minds of many who are subjected to it. The 
unprecedented and shocking spectacle of a large proportion of the 
officers of our national army, forswearing their allegiance as readily 
as they would change their coats, which this country has witnessed 
with horror during the past half year, has suggested the gravest fears 
whether there may not have been something radically at fault in the 
mode of their education. The quasi abolition of moral distinctions in 
the code of discipline at the academy, and the utter confusion of acts 
lurong in themselves with acts wrong because forbidden, may have placed 
the desertion of their flag in the minds of these recreant officers in 
the same category with tardiness at parade or the neglect of any 
minor military duty. 

In examining the demerit lists of some of the cadets who are recom- 
mended by the academic board for dismissal, it will be found that their 
offences are very largely made up of such delinquencies as follows, 
viz : 

" Bed not properly folded at 10 and 11a. m.," one demerit. 

"Bed down at inspection," one demerit. 

" Curtains not drawn back at 6.45 a. m.," one demerit. 

"Name of room-mate not on orderly board at 10 a m.," two demerits. 

"Unauthorized clothes-bag in possession," one demerit. 

" Floor out of order near washstand," four demerits. 

" Odor of tobacco smoke in room/' four demerits. 

And so on, throughout a long list, none of the offences involving 
any moral obliquity, and many of them indeed not being in violation 
of any printed rule of the academy. The last offence alone cited is 
the more remarkable, in view of the fact that the authorities of the 
institution furnish thecadets with tobacco and cigars, and thus permit, 
if they do not approve, the use of them. 

It is to be noted, moreover, that these delinquencies are reported 
against cadets by their fellows, acting, in turn, as officers, and that 
the very strongest temptation is thus presented to ill-disposed mem- 
bers of the corps, by a needlessly stringent espionage, to damage those 
whose proficiency in .studies may have excited the jealousy of class- 
mates, or against whom any pique or grudge may be entertained. 
Offences of the character just given, when once reported, are very 



SECRETARY OF WAR. 47 

apt to remain of record, as in their nature they are scarcely suscepti- 
ble of disproof. It is believed by the undersigned that a system of 
discipline which subjects one cadet to the caprice, the malignity, or 
even the honest mistake of another, needs essential, correction. Its 
evil effects are seen and realized in the fact of an apparent and indeed 
conceded antagonism between the corps of cadets and the government 
of the institution, the former practically adopting the Spartan theory 
of morals, in reference to the rules of the academy, " that nothing is 
wrong unless detected;" and the latter neglecting or refusing to 
secure the honorable co-operation of the cadets in the maintenance of 
discipline, by relying on their manly candor and conscience to do 
right because it is right, and when betrayed into wrong to atone for 
it in great part by a prompt and frank acknowledgment of it. 

When it is remembered that by the rules of discipline prescribed 
in the institution a cadet is to be dismissed for ''deficiency in con- 
duct" if he receive one hundred marks of the character just described 
within a period of six months, the evil results of such a mode of ad- 
ministration are believed by the undersigned to be obvious and indis- 
putable. A cadet dismissed for "deficiency in conduct" goes before 
the world in an attitude of disgrace, the term implying to the popular 
apprehension so much more than is really intended by the defective 
phraseology employed at the Military Academy, A wrong is thus 
inflicted upon the individual, and, instead of the training he may 
have received at the institution being a benefit and blessing to him, 
the fact and the manner of his dismissal are the stumbling blocks to 
his subsequent success and usefulness in life. 

But the consequences resulting to the individual cadet are not mat- 
ters of such permanent interest to the government as are the effects of 
the system upon the institution itself, and upon those who complete 
their course and enter the national service. The undersigned believe 
that the peremptory dismissal of a cadet upon the receipt of one hun- 
dred demerit marks has the tendency to expel from the academy some 
of the most talented and promising members of the corps, who might 
by a judicious treatment of their peculiarities be saved to the service 
they are so well fitted by nature to adorn and honor. They believe, 
further, that by a rigid observance of the rules of discipline on minor 
points, and a barely respectable standing in class studies, not a few 
are graduated who never can become eminent in the service, and 
upon whom the indulgence and the bounty of the government, if not 
absolutely wasted, are yet very injudiciously and unprofitably ex- 
pended. 

At the risk of mere repetition, the undersigned would then say, in 
conclusion, that in their judgment all offences of a minor nature 
should be expiated by prompt, specific, and, if need be, severe punish- 
ments; and they should not be noted down, as at present, until, reach- 
ing an arbitrary number, they involve the expulsion of the cadet. If, 
however, in the judgment of the academic board, these offences are so 
habitual and continuous as to imply a lack of military precision, 
obedience, and discipline in any cadet, he may b} r special vote be re- 
moved from the academy on this distinctly-specified ground. At the 
same time let it be understood that the register of offences shall affect 



48 REPORT OF THE 

class, rank, and standing, and shall thus influence the assignment to 
service upon graduation. With such a system of penalties on the one 
hand, and promises on the other, the undersigned are persuaded that 
discipline would be very rigidly maintained without incurring the 
hazard of losing some of the best cadets by an arbitrary and unbend- 
ing rule. At the same time, in the opinion of the undersigned, the 
service would be benefitted by a more rigid standard in the various 
classes, and by requiring a higher degree of aptitude and scholarship 
than suffices in many instances for graduation. The academy is sus- 
tained at a large annual cost to the government, and the people have 
a right to expect that every man who is there graduated is possessed 
of marked ability Admission as a cadet should not depend on social, 
personal, or political considerations, but should be decided, without 
fear or favor, upon the mental and physical qualifications of the ap- 
plicant ; and when improper persons are admitted, the sooner they 
are dropped, the better lor themselves and the country. 
Respectfully submitted. 

J. G. BLAINE, of Maine. 

ALEXANDER CUMMINGS, of Pennsylvania . 

FITZ HENRY WARREN, of Iowa. 

Hon. Simon Cameron, 

Secretary of War. 



SECRETARY OF WAR. 



49 





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Garrison. 

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Brigade start 

13th N. Y. vol.*.... 
28th N. Y. vol.*.... 
69th N. Y. vol.*.... 
Company E, 2d art.. 
Company B, 2dcav. 


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SECRETARY OF WAR. 



53 



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SECRETARY OF WAR. 



55 



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56 



REPORT OF THE 



Returns from the Department 





PRESENT. 




For duty. 


Ex. 


duty. 


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3d Massarhu-etts volunteers. .. 








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GENERAL STAFF. 

1. Major General B. F. Butler. 

2. Brijadier General E. W. Pierce. 

3. Major Albert J. Meyer, signal officer. 

4. Captain W. F. Smith, topographical engineer. 

5. Captain Grier Talmadge, assistant quartermaster. 

6. Captain John McL. Taylor, assistaiit commissary. 

7. Captain I'eter Haggerty, aide-de-camp. 

8. Lieutenant George H. Butler, aide-de-camp. 

9. Major K. L. Fay, military secretary. 

10, 11, and 12 of General Pierce's stall" not reported by name. 



SECRETARY OF WAE. 



57 



of Southeastern Virginia. 



PRESENT. 


ABSENT. 


PRESENT AND ABSENT. 


ALTERATIONS. 




Con- 






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At Fort Monroe, Va. 



Headquarters Department of Virginia, 

Fort Monroe, Va., June 24, 1861. 



BENJ. F. BUTLER, 

Major Genera^ commanding. 



58 



REPORT OF THE 



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SECRETARY OF WAR. 



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63 









































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Bvt. Maj. L. A. Armistead,6thinf. 

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Fort Mojave, N. M.. 

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Dragon Bridge, Honey 
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64 



REPORT OF THE 





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Bt. Lt Col. E.R.S. Canby, 
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Capt. T. Duncan, mounted 
rifles. 

Capt. J. A.Whitall, 5th inf. 

Bvt. Lt. Col. Wm. Chap- 
man, 5th infantry. 

Bvt. Major N. B. Rossell, 
5ih infantry. 

Capt. R. M. Morris, mount- 
ed rifles. 

Lt. Col. «. B. Crittenden, 
mounted rifles. 

.Maj. Isaac Lynde, 7th inf. 

First Lieut, j. N. Moore, 
l<t dragoonB. 

Capt. <;. R. Paul, 7th in- 
fantry. 

First Lt. G.0hapin,7thinf. 

Majoi H. H. Sibley, 1st 
dragoons . 








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Bvt. Major N. li. Rossellj 
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Capt, R M. Morris, mount- 
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Lt. Col. G. B. Crittenden, 
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Maj. Isaac- Lynde, 7th inf. 

First Lieut. J. N. Moore, 
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Capt. G. 11. Paul, 7th in- 
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First Lt, G.Chapin,7thinf. 

Major it. 11. Sibley, 1st 
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66 



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Capt. J. A. Broun. 4th 

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infantry. 
lsi Lt. H- B. Livingston, 

2d dragoons. 
Lt. Ool. D. If. Sink. t. 2d 

cavalry. 
I'.vt. Major II. VV. Wes- 

scis, 2d Infantry. 
Major N. L'. Macrae, 3d 

infantry. 
Capt. .1. Hayden,2d inf. 
Lt Col. J Sedgwick, 2d 

cavalry. 
Capt. J. Totten,2d art.. 

Brig. Gen. N. Lyon, vols 

Total 








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infantry. 
1st and 2d artillery. 

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Bvt. Maj.L. A.Arnold, 

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Col. Harvey Blown, 

5th artillery. 






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Staff of 1st division— Bvt. Maj. Gen. 


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Company. F, 4th U.S. artillery .. 
Staff of 1st brigade— Col. Georue II. 
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SECRETARY OF WAR. 



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AT DIFFERENT POINTS IN THE CITY OF 
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SECRETARY OF WAR. 



79 



Remarks. 


Returned from department north- 
eastern Virginia, June 4,1861. 
Arrived in the city May 24, 1861 . 
Arrived in the city April 28, 1861. 
Arrived in the city May 30,1861. 
Arrived in the city June 7,1861. 
Arrived in the city June 20, 1861. 

Do. do. 
Arrived in the city June 23, 1861. 

Arrived in the city June 19, J861. 

Arrived in the city June 22, 1861. 

Do. do. 


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AT DIFFERENT POINTS IN THE CITY OF 
WASHINGTON AND ITS VICINITY. 

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26th regiment Pennsylvania voluntei 

yTth regiment Pennsj vaniavolunti 

1st regiment Rhode Island detached militia. 


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SECRETARY OF WAR. 



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Arrived in the city June 18, 18GI. 
Do. do. 

Lett city,as per Special Orders No. 
99,Headqru. army, June 10, '61, 
and returned again June 19, '61. 

Arrived in the city Juno 21, 1861. 


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SECRETARY OF WAR. 



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VOLUNTEER OARRISON OF FORT 
WASHINGTON. 

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REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OE THE NAVY. 



Navy Department, July 4, 1861. 

Sir : When the change of administration took place, in March last, 
the Navy Department was organized on a peace establishment. Such 
vessels as were in condition for service were chiefly on distant stations, 
and those which constituted the home squadron were most of them in 
the Gulf of Mexico. Congress had adjourned without making pro- 
vision for any extraordinary emergency, and the appropriations for 
naval purposes indicated that only ordinary current expenses were 
anticipated. 

Extraordinary events which have since transpired have called for 
extraordinary action on the part of the government, demanding a 
large augmentation of the naval force, and. the recall of almost the 
whole of our foreign squadrons for service on our own coasts. 

The total number of vessels in the navy, of all classes, on the 4th 
of March was ninety, carrying, or designed to carry, about 2,415 
guns. 

Excluding vessels on the stocks, those unfinished, those used as 
stationary storeships and receiving ships, and those considered inex- 
pedient to repair, the available force was : 

1 ship-of-the-line - 
8 frigates _____ 

20 sloops ------ 

3 brigs ------ 

3 storeships - 

6 steam frigates - 

5 first-class steam sloops - 

4 first-class side-wheel steamers 
8 second-class steam sloops - 

5 third-class screw steamers - 
4 second-class side-wheel steamers 

2 steam tenders - 

69 

Of this force the following were in commission, the remainder 
being in ordinary, dismantled, etc. 

2 frigates - - - - - - -100 guns. 

11 sloops - - - - - - - 232 do. 



- 84 


guns 


- 400 


do. 


- 406 


do. 


- 16 


do. 


7 


do. 


- 212 


do. 


- 90 


do. 


- 46 


do. 


- 45 


do. 


- 28 


do. 


8 


do. 


.4 


do. 


1,346 





7 


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do. 


■ 35 


do. 


■ 45 


do. 


■ 28 


do. 


5 


do. 


1 


do. 


555 





86 REPOET OF THE 

3 stores]) ips _____ 

1 screw frigate - 

5 first-class steam sloops - - - - 

3 side-wheel steamers - 

8 second-class steam sloops - 

5 third-class screw steamers - 

3 side-wheel steamers - 

1 steam tender ----- 

24 

T.hese vessels had a complement, exclusive of officers and marines, 
of about 7,600 men, and nearly all of them were on foreign stations. 
The home squadron consisted of twelve vessels, carrying 187 guns 
and about 2,000 men. Of this squadron, only four small vessels, 
carrying twenty- five guns and about 280 men, were in northern 
ports. 

With so few vessels in commission on our coast, and our crews in 
distant seas, the department was very indifferently prepared to meet 
the exigency that was rising. Every movement was closely watched 
by the disaffected, and threatened to precipitate measures that the 
country seemed anxious to avoid. Demoralization prevailed among 
the officers, many of whom, occupying the most responsible positions, 
betrayed symptoms of that infidelity which has dishonored the service. 
But wh'le so many officers were unfaithful, the crews, to their honor 
be it recorded, were true and reliable, and have maintained, through 
every trial and under all circumstances, their devotion to the Union 
and the flag. Unfortunately, however, few comparatively of these 
gallant men were within the call of the department at that eventful 
period. They, as well as the ships, were abroad. 

NORFOLK NAVY YARD. 

The sloop-of-war Cumberland, the flag-ship of Commodore Pender- 
grast, arrived opportunely in the Chesapeake on the 23d of March ; 
and as this was the only vessel of any considerable capacity in these 
waters that was manned, I detained her at Norfolk to await events 
that were gradually developing in Virginia and the adjoining States. 

The navy yard at Norfolk, protected by no fortress or garrison, 
has always been a favored depot with the government. It was filled 
with arms and munitions, and several ships were in the harbor, dis- 
mantled and in ordinary, and in no condition to be moved, had there 
been men to move them. There were, however, no seamen there or 
on home stations to man these vessels, or even one of them of the 
larger class, and any attempt to withdraw them, or either of them, 
without a crew, would, in the then sensitive and disturbed condition 
of the public mind, have betrayed alarm and distrust, and been likely 
to cause difficulty. 

Appiehensive, however, that action might be necessary, the com- 
mandant of the yard was, early in April, advised of this feeling, and 
cautioned to extreme vigilance and circumspection. These admoni- 



SECRETARY OF THE NAVY. 87 

tions were, a few days later, repeated to Commodore McCauley. This 
commandant, whose patriotism and fidelity were not doubted, was 
surrounded by officers in whom he placed, confidence ; but most of 
them, as events soon proved, were faithless to the ilag and the 
country. 

On the 10th of April, Commodore McCauley was ordered to put the 
shipping and public property in condition to be moved and placed 
beyond danger, should it become necessary; but in doing this he was 
warned to take no steps that could give needless alarm. The steam 
frigate Merrimack could, it was believed, were her machinery in 
order, be made available in this emergency, not only to extricate 
herself, but the other shipping in the harbor. Not knowing, how- 
ever, who could be confided in to take charge of her, a commander and 
two engineers were detailed to proceed to Norfolk for that purpose. 
Two days after, on the 12th of April, the department directed that 
the Merrimack should be prepared to proceed to Philadelphia' 
with the utmost despatch. It was stated that to repair the engine 
and put it in working condition would require four weeks. Discredit- 
ing this report, the engineer-in chief was ordered to proceed forthwith 
in person, and attend to the necessary preparations. 

On the 16th April the commandant was directed to lose no time in 
placing armament on board the Merrimack ; to get the Plymouth 
and Dolphin beyond danger ; to have the Germantown in a condition 
to be towed out, and to put the more valuable public property, ord- 
nance, stores,, &c, on shipboard, so that they could, at any moment, 
be moved beyond danger. 

Such was the energy and despatch of the engineer-in-chief, that on 
the 16th the department was advised by the commandant of the yard 
that on the 17tii the Merrimack would be ready for temporary service ; 
but when, on the afternoon of that day, the engineer-in-chief reported 
her ready for steam, Commodore McCauley refused to have her fired 
up. Fires were, however, built early the next morning, and at 9 
o'clock the engines were working, engineers, firemen, &c, on board, 
but the commandant still refused to permit her to be moved, and in 
the afternoon gave directions to draw the fires. The cause of this 
refusal to move the Merrimack has no explanation other than that of 
misplaced confidence in his junior officers who opposed it. 

As soon as this fatal error was reported to the department, orders 
were instantly issued to Commodore Paulding" to proceed forthwith 
to Norfolk, with such officers and marines as could be obtained, and 
take command of all the vessels afloat on that station ; to repel force 
by force, and prevent the ships and public property, at all hazards, 
from passing into the hands of the insurrectionists. But when that 
officer reached Norfolk, on the evening of Saturday the 20th, he found 
that the powder magazine had already been seized, and that an ai 
force had commenced throwing up batteries in the vicinity. Toe 
commandant of the yard, after refusing to permit the vessels to be 
moved on Thursday, and emitting it on Friday, ordered them to be 
scuttled on Saturday evening, and they were sinking when Commo- 
dore Paulding with the force under his command arrived at Norfolk. 



88 REPORT OF THE 

This officer, knowing that to sink the ships would be only a tem- 
porary deprivation to the insurgents, who would, when in full pos- 
session of the place, again have them afloat, ordered the torch to be 
applied to the sinking ships. Pursuant to instructions, he also de- 
stroyed, so far as he was able with his limited force, the public prop- 
erty in the yard before abandoning the place. 

The Cumberland was towed down the river and passed, after some 
little delay, over the obstructions that had been sunk in the channel 
to prevent her removal. 

This unfortunate calamity at Norfolk not only deprived the govern- 
ment of several vessels, but of a large amount of ordnance and stores 
which had there accumulated. In pi eventing the shipping and property 
from passing into the hands of the insurgents who had gathered 
in considerable force in that vicinity under General Talliaferro, 
Commodore Paulding, the officers and those under them, performed 
their duty, and carried out, so far as was in their power, the wishes 
ol the government and the instructions of the department. 

EXTRAORDINARY MEASURES. 

The demonstration at Norfolk was but one of a series of measures 
that occurred at that juncture. Simultaneously with it, Baltimore 
appeared in insurrection, and by force and violence destroyed the 
railroad communication and cut off mail and telegraphic facilities 
between the seat of government and the States north. In this crisis 
it became necessary to act with promptness and vigor. There could 
be neither hesitation nor delay when the government and the country 
were imperilled, and the department took measures accordingly. 

Believing that the emergency not only justified but absolutely re- 
quired that all the public armed vessels should be forthwith completed 
and equipped for service, orders were given to that effect, and in addi- 
tion thereto the commandants of the navy yards in Boston, New York, 
and Philadelphia were directed to purchase or charter, arm, equip, 
and man steamers which upon examination might he found fit, or 
easily convertible into armed vessels suitable for the public service, in 
order to support the government and enforce the laws. 

To carry into effect the proclamations whereby communication with 
the ports of the insurgent States was interdicted, and an embargo or 
blockade declared, it became necessary to concentrate almost all the 
naval force of the country upon the Atlantic coast, at and south of 
the Chesapeake hay and in the Gulf of Mexico. This extensive line 
of eea-board, embracing an extent of nearly three thousand miles, with 
its numerous harbors and inlets, was deemed too extensive for a single 
command, and the naval force to carry into effect the proclamation 
and execute the laws has consequently been arranged into two squad- 
rons. The command of the first of them, the Atlantic squadron, has 
been confided to Flag-Officer Silas II. Stringham, and the second, or 
Gulf squadron, is under command of Flag-Oflicer William Mervine. 



SECRETARY OF THE NAVY. 89 

Before either of these gentlemen could appear on the station assigned 
him, Flag- Officer Pendergrast, in command of the home squadron, 
established non-intercourse, and gave notice to foreigners of an em- 
bargo or effective blockade, at Hampton Roads, on the 30th of April. 
It is due to this officer to say that he has rendered essential and active 
service not only before but after the arrival of his senior on that 
station. 

Flag-Officer Stringham reached Hampton Roads with the Minnesota, 
his flag ship, on the 13th of May, and entered upon his duties with 
such force as the department in so brief a period was able to place at 
his disposal; and illegal commerce by the insurgents, in disregard of 
national laws, is almost entirely suppressed. 

The Niagara, which arrived at Boston from Japan on the 24th of 
April, was immediately despatched to New York for necessary repairs, 
belore proceeding off Charleston harbor, whither her energetic com- 
mander was directed and promptly repaired, to prevent illegal com- 
merce from that port. In the meantime, information reached the de- 
partment of large shipments of arms and munitions of war in Europe, 
destined for New Orleans and Mobile. Believing it of primary im- 
portance that this shipment should, if possible, be intercepted, and 
its landing prevented, Captain McKean was directed to proceed to the 
Gulf for that purpose; and the Harriet Lane was ordered to Charles- 
ton to take the place of the Niagara before that port. 

Flag-Officer Mervine left Boston in the Mississippi in advance of his 
flag-ship the Colorado, and arrived in the Gulf on the 8th of June. 
Previous to his arrival an embargo or blockade of the Mississippi 
river, and some of the principal ports on the Gulf had been com- 
menced, and has been since vigorously maintained and enforced. 

As the Constitution declares that " no preference shall be given by 
any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one State over 
another," and also that "no State shall, without the consent of the Con- 
gress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports except what may 
be absolutely necessary for its inspection laws; and the net produce of 
all duties and imposts shall be for the use of the Treasury of the 
United States" — and as in several of the States the insurgents had, in 
utter disregard and violation of these express provisions of the Con- 
stitution and the laws, assumed to give a preference by unauthorized 
regulations of commerce or revenue to the ports of certain States over 
the ports of other States, and had assumed, without consent of the 
Congress, to lay imposts or duties on imports and exports, and that, 
too, not for the use of the Treasury of the United States, but to de- 
prive it of revenue, it became a duty of paramount necessity, acting 
under the express authority of the act of 1807 authorizing the use of 
the navy in "causing the laws to be executed," to suppress, by an 
armed naval force betore the principal ports, these illegal and uncon- 
stitutional proceedings; to assert the supremacy of the Federal laws, 
and to prevent any preference, by commercial regulation, to the ports 
of any of the States. 

In carrying into effect these principles, and in suppressing the 
attempts to evade and resist them, and in order to maintain the Con- 
stitution and execute the laws, it became necessary to interdict com- 



90 REPORT OF THE 

merce at those ports where duties could not be collected, the laws 
maintained and executed, and where the officers of the government 
were not tolerated or permitted to exercise their functions. In per- 
forming this domestic municipal duty, the property and interests of 
foreigners became to some extent involved in our home questions, and 
with a view of extending to them every comity that the circumstances 
would justify, the rules of blockade were adopted, and, as far as prac- 
ticable, made applicable to the cases that occurred under this embargo 
or non-intercourse of the insurgent States. The commanders of the 
squadrons were directed to permit the vessels of foreigners to depart 
within fifteen days, as in cases of actual effective blockade, and their 
vessels were not to be seized unless they attempted, after having been 
once warned off, to enter an interdicted port in disregard of such 
warning. 

The questions presented under this extraordinary conjuncture of 
affairs were novel, and, not having been in all their extent antici- 
pated by our laws, some further penal legislation, especially in rela- 
tion to the law of forfeiture, may be needed to meet the exigency and 
render the government more effective. 

STEAM GUNBOATS AND SLOOrS. 

The necessity of an augmentation of our navy in order to meet the 
crisis, aid in suppressing insurrection, and assist in causing the laws 
to be executed at all the ports, was immediately felt, and a class of 
vessels different in some respects from any that were in the service, 
to act as sentinels on the coast, was required. On the spur of the 
moment transport steamers were secured ; but, though made capable 
of sustaining a small armament, they were not such vessels as would 
perform continuous duty off the harbors in all weathers. They wili, 
it is believed, answer a temporary purpose for the summer months, 
but a stronger and different description of vessel is necessary for the 
autumn and winter. The department, besides purchasing, ha§, there- 
fore, contracted for the building of twenty-three gunboats, each of 
about five hundred tons burden ; and has made preliminary arrange- 
ments for several larger and fleeter vessels, which shall not only ail 
in preventing illegal commerce, but be made particularly serviceable 
in suppressing depredations on that which is legal. Both of these 
classes are of sizes inferior to the sloops-of-war ordered by the last 
Congress. 

The department, in carrying the order of the last session into effect, 
directed the construction of two vessels at each of the four yards, 
making eight instead of seven to be built. In consequence of the 
great activity and heavy demands at all the yards to equip and pre- 
pare every available vessel for service, the construction of these sloops 
has been retarded, but is now being prosecuted with vigor, and we 
may expect they will be completed at the earliest possible period. 

The authority for these purchases and contracts is to be found in the 
necessities and condition of the country and the times. The action 



SECRETARY OF THE NAVY. 91 

of the department may require the sanction of Congress to give it 
validity. If it shall be asserted that an error has been committed in 
thus providing for the wants of the service and the government, a much 
greater error would have been committed, it is believed, in the omis- 
sion to have made such provision under the existing necessities. 



VESSELS IN SERVICE. 

Of the 69 vessels, carrying 1,346 guns, herein before mentioned as 
available for service on the 4th of Maich last, the sloop Levant has 
been given up as lost in the Pacific ; the steamer Fulton was seized 
at Pensacola ; and one frigate, two sloops, and one brig were burnt 
at Norfolk. These vessels carried 172 guns. The other vessels de- 
stroyed at Norfolk were considered worthless, and are not included 
in the list of available vessels. 

These losses left at the disposal of the department 62 vessels, car- 
rying 1,174 guns, all of which are now, or soon will be, in commis- 
sion, with the exception of the — 

Vermont, ship-of-the-line 84 

Brandy wine, frigate 50 

Decatur, sloop, at San Francisco 16 

John Hancock, steam tender, at San Francisco 3 

There has been recently added to the navy, by purchase, 12 
steamers, carrying from 2 to 9 guns each, and three sailing vessels. 
There have been chartered nine steamers, carrying from 2 to 9 guns 
each. By these additions the naval force in commission has been 
increased to 82 vessels, carrying upwards of 1,100 guns, and with a 
complement of about 13,000 men, exclusive of officers and marines. 
There are also several steamboats and other small craft which are 
temporarily in the service of the department. 

Purchases of sailing ships have been made for transporting coals 
to the steamers that are performing duty as sentinels before the 
principal harbors. It would be inexpedient and attended with much 
loss of time, as well as great additional expense, to compel the 
steamer" when short of fuel to leave their stations and proceed to the 
nearest depot, distant in most cases several hundred miles, to obtain 
a supply. In the absence of any proper or suitable stations or build- 
ings tor storing coals, hulks have been provided, to be anchored at 
some convenient place for the use of the squadron. 

The squadron on the Atlantic coast, under the command of Flag- 
Officer S. H. Slringham, consists of 22 vessels, 296 guns, and 3,300 
men. 

The squadron in the Gulf, under the command of Flag-Officer Wil- 
liam Mervine, consists of 21 vessels, 282 guns and 3,500 men. 

Additions have been made to each of the squadrons, of two or three 
small vessels that have been captured and taken into the service. 
The steamers Pawnee and Pocahontas, and the flotilla under the late 



92 REPORT OF THE 

Commander Ward, with several steamboats in charge of naval offi- 
cers, have been employed on the Potomac river, to prevent communi- 
cation with that portion of Virginia which is in insurrection. Great 
service has been rendered by this armed force, which has been vigi- 
lant in intercepting supplies, and in protecting transports and supply- 
vessels in their passage up and down the Potomac. 

The flotilla on the 27th ultimo met with a serious and sad loss in 
the death of its gallant commander, James H. Ward, who died at his 
post, while covering the retreat of his men from the assault of an 
overpowering number of rebel enemies. In the death of Commander 
Ward the navy has lost a brave officer, who has enriched it by mili- 
tary and scientific contributions, served it faithfully in varied spheres, 
and promised much for it in the future. 

The squadron in the Pacific, uuder the command of Flag-Officer 
John B. Montgomery, consists of G vessels, 82 guns, and 1,000 men. 

The West India squadron is under the command of Flag-Officer G. 
J. Pendergrast, who has been temporarily on duty, with his flag- 
ship, the Cumberland, at Norfolk and Hampton Eoads, since the 23d 
of March. He will, at an early day, transfer his flag to the steam 
frigate Roanoke, and proceed southward, having in charge our inter- 
ests on the Mexican and Central American coasts, and in the West 
India islands. 

The East India, Mediterranean, B.razil, and African squadrons, ex- 
cepting one vessel of each of the two latter, have been recalled. 

The return of these vessels will add to the force for service in the 
Gulf and on the Atlantic coast about 200 guns and 2,500 men. 

RESIGNATION AND DISMISSAL OF OFFICERS. 

Since the 4th of March two hundred and fifty-nine officers of the 
navy have resigned their commissions or been dismissed from the ser- 
vice. This diminution of officers, at a time when the force was greatly 
enlarged, and when the whole naval armament of the country was 
put in requisition, has compelled the department to send many of our 
public vessels to sea without a full complement of officers. To some 
extent this deficiency has been supplied by gentlemen formerly con- 
nected with the .navy, who had retired to civil pursuits in peaceable 
times, but who, in the spirit of true patriotism, came promptly for- 
ward in the hour of their country's peril and made voluntary tender 
of their services to sustain the flag and the country. The department 
gladly availed itself of the tender thus patriotically made, and received 
these gentlemen into the service in the capacity of acting lieutenants. 
The alacrity with which they presented themselves for duty in any 
position the government might assign them, when others who had 
been the trusted and honored recipients of government favors were 
deserting the standard, was no less honorable to them than to the 
profession which they adorned and the country which they loved. 

ENLISTMENT OF SEAMEN. 

The authorized increase of enlistment and the immediate establish- 
ment of naval rendezvous at all the principal seaports, with an abbre- 



SECRETARY OF THE NAVY. 93 

viation of the term of enlistment, enabled the department to recruit 
a sufficient number of seamen to man the vessels added to the service 
with almost as much rapidity as they could be prepared, armed, and 
equipped. Only one or two ships have experienced any detention for 
want of a crew, and none beyond two or three days. At no period of 
onr history has the naval force had so great and rapid an increase, 
and never have our seamen come forward with more alacrity and zeal 
to serve the country. 

THE NAVAL ACADEMY. 

The Naval School and public property at Annapolis attracted the 
attention of the disloyal and disaffected about the period when the 
conspiracy culminated. Some demonstrations were made towards 
seizing the property, and also the frigate Constitution, which had 
been placed at Annapolis, in connexion with the school, for the benefit 
of the youths who were being educated for the public service. Prompt 
measures rescued the frigate and government property from desecra- 
tion and plunder, and the young men, under the superintendence and 
guidance of Captain Blake, contributed, in no small degree, to the 
result. As it was impossible, in the then existing condition of affairs 
in Annapolis and in Maryland, to continue the school at that point, 
and as the valuable public property was in jeopardy, it became neces- 
sary to remove the institution elsewhere. Newport, Rhode Island, 
presented many advantages, and the War Department tendered Fort 
Adams for the temporary occupation of the students, which was at 
once accepted, and the school, with the frigate and other public prop- 
erty, were removed thither. Although the numbers at the school are 
reduced by the resignation of nearly every student from the insurrec- 
tionary region, and a call of the elder classes to active professional 
duty, the younger classes that remain form a nucleus to re-establish 
and give vitality to the institution. 

Some legislation will be necessary, not only in relation to what 
has been done, but with a view to the future continued success of the 
school, which has already accomplished so much towards the efficiency 
and elevation of the navy. By the existing law the appointment of 
students can be made only upon recommendation of the member of 
Congress from the district in which the applicant resides, and in case 
he omits to make selection of a suitable person there is no way pro- 
vided to fill the vacancy. In consequence of this regulation the 
school has not its authorized number, for nearly one-third of the dis- 
tricts neglect or refuse to be represented at the academy, and there is 
no legal way of supplying this deficiency from other districts, although 
the applications are numerous. 

Congress must provide for this deficit, and it is, moreover, worthy 
of consideration whether for a period, at least, the numbers in the 
school should not be increased, until a full complement of officers is 
supplied. 



94 REPORT OF THE 



ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT. 



la the ordnance branch of tli3 service there has D3en great activity, 
and the works at the navy yard in this city have bean in constant 
operation, day and night, to meet, as far as was possible, the extraor- 
dinary demands that have been made. When the late commandant 
of the Washington yard, on the 2'2d of April, declined further con- 
nexion with the government, and was dismissed the service, it was 
believed the true interest of the country would be promoted by placing 
the yard and foundry in charge of the efficient and capable officer 
whose reputation in connexion with ordnance is national. If his 
rank did not, according to usige, entitle him to the position, his 
merit did. To obviate difficulty, and place that branch of the service 
in proper working condition, I would recommend that there be ap- 
pointed an officer, to be known as the Director of Ordnance, who 
shall, under the department, have the immediate supervision of the 
manufacture, description, and supply, of ordnance for the navy, in all 
its details. 

THE OBSERVATORY. 

The Observatory, for many years under the superintendence of an 
officer who had gained distinguished reputation in connexion with 
the institution, was abandoned by him in a very abrupt manner on 
the 20th of April. On receiving intelligence that he had, without 
previous intimation of his intention, deserted the post that had been 
confided to him, a gentlemen eminently adapted to the place, who 
had, moreover, been early identified with the Observatory, was at 
once placed in the position. It gives me pleasure to say that in many 
respects the change has been an improvement, while I trust that 
neither the country nor the cause of science will experience any detri- 
ment therefrom. 

TriE NAVY RATION. 

A change or modification of the law regulating the navy ration 
seems necessary to meet the existing condition of things. Nearly the 
whole of the present naval strength of the country is employed on a 
particular service, which extends along the coast, an effective force 
being stationed at each of the principal harbors. It is important that 
the vessels should remain on duty at their stations as long as possible, 
to guard the coast and prevent illegal commerce. That they may do 
this satisfactorily, it is essential that the crews have frequent supplies 
of fresh provisions and oilier necessaries conducive to health. The de- 
partment has already so far innovated as to send forward a cargo of 
fresh supplies, and if proposes to continue thus to supply the crews of 
the squadron until the insurrection is suppressed. Provisions and stores 
will in this manner be despatched with supplies of all kinds that may 
be required lor the subsistence and health of the crews. Communica- 
tion with each of the principal stations will be established by these 



SECRETARY OF THE NAVY. 95 

despatch boats, which will carry to and receive from the squadrons 
letters, convey recruits, bring home invalids, and while performing 
these services will also discharge coast guard duty. 

ACTING PAYMASTERS. 

The additional number of vessels employed called for additional 
paymasters beyond the number limited by law, and the department, 
under the existing necessity, appointed acting paymasters. Where 
this appointment has been necessary it has usually been connected 
with that of captain's clerk, who has been required to give bonds for 
the money and property entrusted to his hands, and his confidential 
relations with his commander have been such that it has been deemed 
a further security. I would recommend that there be an increase of 
the corps of paymasters, or perhaps it may be well to have a class of 
assistant paymasters at a less compensation and with less responsi- 
bility. The minor appointment may be made a preliminary step to 
the more important office of paymaster. 

INCREASE OF SURGEONS. 

An increase of the number of surgeons and assistant surgeons is also 
recommended, in conformity with the suggestions of the chief of the 
Bureau of Medicine and Surgery. A copy of his report is herewith 
transmitted. The deficiencies that at present exist will doubtless soon 
be filled, but the full complement allowed by the existing law is inad- 
quate to the present requirements of the service. 

INCREASE OF THE MARINE CORPS. 

It became necessary to enlarge the marine corps in order that it 
should correspond in some degree with the general increase of other 
branches of the service. Under the authority of the act of Congress 
of 18J9, two additions have been made to this corps, which now con- 
sists of 2,500 privates, but the officers, except the force composing the 
.staff, remain the same in point of numbers as when the corps con- 
sisted of but 1,000 men. This number is altogether insufficient, and 
it is therefore recommended that there be an additional number cre- 
ated, and if the session is sufficiently prolonged, an entire reorgani- 
zation of the corps may be expedient. 

MASTERS AND MASTERS' MATES. 

There has been, from necessity, a large number of acting masters 
and masters' mates appointed from the commercial marine to meet 
the wants of the service. These officers, generally of great experience 
and intelligence, and occupying the highest position in the merchant 
service, have voluntarily come forward and offered themselves for 
useful duty on board our public vessels, where they are contributing 
to the efficiency of the navy. 



96 REPORT OF THE 



IRON-CLAD STEAMERS OR FLOATING BATTERIES. 

Much attention has been given within the last few years to the 
subject of floating batteries, or iron-clad steamers. Other govern- 
ments, and particularly France and England, have made it a special 
object in connexion with naval improvements ; and the ingenuity and 
inventive faculties of our own countrymen have also been .stimulated 
by recent occurrences toward the construction of this class of vessels. 
The period is perhaps not one best adapted to heavy expenditures 
by way of experiment and the time and attention of some of those 
who are most competent to investigate and form correct conclusions 
on this subject are otherwise employed. I would, however, recom- 
mend the appointment of a proper and competent board to inquire 
into and report in regard to a measure so important ; and it is for 
Congress to decide whether, on a favorable report, they will order one 
or more iron-clad steamers, or floating batteries, to be constructed, 
with a view to perfect protection from the effects of present ordnance 
at short range, and make an appropriation for that purpose. 

It is nearly twenty years since a gentleman of New Jersey, posses- 
sing wealth and talent, projected the construction of a floating battery, 
and the government aided the work by a liberal appropriation. The 
death of this gentleman a few years since interrupted the prosecution 
of this experiment, and application has been recently made by his 
surviving brother, the authorities of New Jersey, and others, for 
additional means to carry it forward to completion. The amount 
asked is of such magnitude as to require special investigation by 
a competent board, who shall report as to the expediency and 
practicability of the experiment before so large an expenditure should 
be authorized. 

INCREASE IN CLERICAL FORCE. 

An increase of the clerical force of the department is indispensable, 
and its organization may be in some respects modified and improved. 
The present session having been called for special purposes, it may 
be deemed inexpedient to enter upon general legislation ; but the 
greatly increased labor renders it necessary that there should be a 
temporary increase of clerks, and I would, in this connexion, and as 
a part of this improvement and addition, recommend an Assistant 
Secretary of the Navy, on whom might be devolved many of the 
details that now occupy no inconsiderable portion of the time of the 
Secretary, and from which he might be relieved. 

UNITED STATES SLOOP LEVANT. 

The Levant sloop-of-war, Commander Wm. E. Hunt, of the Pacific 
squadron, sailed from Panama in May, 18G0, for the Sandwich 
Islands, for the purpose of inquiring, at the suggestion of the Depart- 
ment of State, into the disbursement at those islands of the fund for 
the relief of destitute American seamen. She reached her destina- 



SECRETARY OF THE NAVY. 97 

tion safely, and the investigations were conducted by Commander 
Hunt at the ports of Honolulu, Lahaina, and Hilo. The last official 
intelligence received by the department from the Levant was a com- 
munication from Commander Hunt, dated Hilo, September 3, 1860. 
He expected to take his departure in a short time for Panama. Not 
arriving at that port by January, Flag-Officer Montgomery despatched 
the steamers Saranac and Wyoming in search of her. The latter 
visited the Sandwich Islands and various localities on the route, 
making every possible inquiry for her. But no tidings of her were 
obtained, although it was definitely ascertained that she had sailed 
from Hilo on the 18th of September, 1860, direct for Panama. All 
hopes for her safety have long since been abandoned, and it now 
devolves on Congress, as in previous instances, to make such legisla- 
tion as may be just and proper for the benefit of the families of the 
lamented officers and crew who perished with her. 

SLAVERS CAPTURED. 

The following captures of vessels engaged in the slave trade have 
been made since those mentioned in the last annual report of this de- 
partment : 

Bark Cora, captured on the coast of Africa, September 26, 1860, by 
the United States sloop Constellation, Captain J. S. Nicholas, with a 
cargo of 705 Africans, 694 of which were delivered to the United 
Mates agent at Monrovia. 

Brig Bonita, captured on the coast of Africa, October 10, 1860, by 
the United States steamer San Jacinto, Captain T. A. Dornin, with a 
cargo of 750 Africans on board, 616 of which were delivered to the 
United States agent at Monrovia. 

Brig Tuccoa, captured on the coast of Cuba, December 20, 1860, by 
the United States steamer Mohawk, Lieutenant Commanding T. A. 
M. Craven. 

Bark Mary Kimball, captured on the coast of Cuba, December 21, 
1860, by the United States steamer Mohawk, Lieutenant Commanding 
T. A. M. Craven. 

Ship Nightingale, captured on the coast of Africa, April 21, 1861, 
by the United States sloop-of-war Saratoga, Commander Alfred Tay- 
lor, with 961 Africans on board, 801 of which were delivered to the 
United States agent at Monrovia, 

The Cora and Nightingale were sent to New York ; the Bonita to 
Charleston, and subsequently to Savannah; and the Tuccoa and Mary 
Kimball to Key West, and delivered into the custody of the proper 
officers. 

CONCLUSION. 

In discharging the duties that pertain to this department, and 
which have devolved upon it during the brief period it has been in- 
trusted to my hands, I have shrunk from no responsibilities; and if, 
in some instances, the letter of the law has been transcended, it was 
because the public necessities required it. To have declined the exer- 

7 



9S EEPORT OF THE 

cise of any powers but such as were clearly authorized and legally 
defined, when the government and the country were assailed and their 
existence endangered, would have been an inexcusable wrong and 
a cowardly omission. When, therefore, the navy was called into 
requisition to assist not only in maintaining the Constitution and to 
help execute the laws, but to contribute in upholding the government 
itself against a great conspiracy, I did not hesitate, under your direc- 
tion, to add to its strength and efficiency by chartering, purchasing, 
building, equipping, and manning vessels, expanding the organiza- 
tion and accepting the tender of services from patriotic individuals, 
although there may be no specific legal enactment for some of the 
authority that has been exercised. 

Submitted herewith are supplemental estimates from the several 
bureaus to meet deficiencies in the appropriations for the naval service 
for the fiscal year just closed, and for the year ending June 30, 1862. 

The appropriations for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1862, amount 
in the aggregate to $13,168,675 86. The estimates now submitted 
amount to $30,609,520 29. For a detailed statement of these esti- 
mates I refer to the reports of the chiefs of the bureaus. 

GIDEON WELLES, 
Secretary of the Navy. 

The President of the United States. 



SECRETARY OF THE NAVY. 99 



Papers accompanying the report of the Secretary of the Navy, July 

4, 1861. 

No. 1. Estimates Bureau of Yards and Docks. 

No. 2. Estimates Bureau of Ordnance and Hydrography. 

No. 3. Estimates Bureau of Construction, &c. 

No. 4. Estimates Bureau of Provisions and Clothing. 

No. 5. Estimates Bureau of Medicine and Surgery. 

No. 6. Estimates of the Marine Corps. 

No. 7. Summary statement of estimates. 



No. 1. 

Bureau of Yards and Docks, 

June 17, 1861. 
Sir : In obedience to the directions contained in your letter of the 
1st instant, I have the honor to submit herewith supplemental esti- 
mates of the probable amounts required for the public service for the 
remainder of the current fiscal year and for the year ending June 30, 
1862, in addition to what has already been appropriated, so far as 
pertains to this bureau. 

With great respect, your obedient servant. 

' JOSEPH SMITH. 
Hon. Gideon Wells, 

Secretary of the Navy. 



A supplemental estimate of the probable amounts required for improve- 
ments and repairs, as well as for " Contingent," at the several navy 
yards, for the remainder of the current fiscal year and for the year 
ending Jure 30, 1862, not embraced in existing appropriations, and 
which it is proposed to submit at the approaching special session of 
Congress. 

PORTSMOUTH, N. H. 

To commence machine shop and smithery $20,000 

For quay wall and boat landing 12,000 

For repairs of all kinds 10,000 



42,000 



BOSTON. 



For completing machine shop $25,000 

For machinery for machine shop 63,700 

For drain from main entrance to low-water mark 600 



100 REPORT OF THE 

For masting-sheers at east end of the yard $3,500 

For repairing machinery of rope-walk 20,000 

For repairing coal-shed wharf 29,300 

For painting buildings 7,000 

154,100 
For the purchase of property adjoining the yard 100,000 

254,100 



NEW YORK. 

For hoisting apparatus for provision stores $4,650 

For dredging channels 20,000 

For repairs of dry dock 0,000 

For water pipes, hydrants, &c 2,500 

For floor for mould-loft 1,200 

For bilge blocks for dry dock 3,000 

For removing small shears 1,000 

For new derrick, including foundation 21,988 

For floor to third story of machine shop, and columns to 

support 3,000 

For railroad through new store, &c . 2,500 

For caisson to launching ways 8,541 

For addition to lyceum 3,994 

For repairs of all kinds 28,430 



106,803 



PHILADELPHIA. 



For extension of storehouses $25,000 

For repairs of floating dock 40,000 



65,000 
For the purchase of two lots on the south side of the yard.. 100,000 



165,000 

WASHINGTON. 

For repairs of all kinds $44,447 

MARE ISLAND. 

For machinery tor machine shop $60,000 

For completing officers' houses 7 and 9 15,000 

For repairs of floating dock, and other repairs in the yard.. 90,000 



165,000 



SECRETARY OF THE NAVY. 101 



RECAPITULATION. 

For navy yard at Portmouth, N. H $42,000 

For navy yard at Boston 254,100 

For navy yard at New York 106,803 

For navy yard at Philadelphia 165,000 

For navy yard at Washington 44,447 

For navy yard at Mare Island 165,000 

Totalfor navy yards 777,350 



NAVAL ASYLUM, PHILADELPHIA. 

For the extension of main sewer $800 



CONTINGENT. 

For contingent expenses at the several navy yards on ac- 
count of the Bureau of Yards and Docks, in addition to 
what has already been appropriated for the various objects 
enumerated, to meet the extraordinary demands on this 
appropriation for the remainder of the current and the 
next fiscal years $198,300 



JOSEPH SMITH. 
Bureau of Yards and Docks, June 17, 1861. 



No. 2. 

Bureau of Ordnance and Hydrography, 

Navy Department, June 21, 1861. 

Sir : In obedience to your order of the 1st instant, I transmit sup- 
plemental estimates for such objects as come under the cognizance of 
the bureau. 

I beg leave to remind you that, besides the increased demand for 
ordnance equipment and stores, the very heavy losses in material the 
government has sustained have necessarily called for a very unusual 
expenditure to meet the probable wants of the service. 

These estimates, though large, are not intended to meet contingen- 
cies ; and I am of opinion that, with the uncertainties of war before 
us, at least 25 per cent, should be added to cover emergencies and 
unavoidable omissions. 

I beg leave also to suggest that the power of transfer from one 
appropriation to another should be required of Congress by you, in 
order that no embarrassing delay may take place in cases where the 
unexpected exhaustion of a specific appropriation may render it expe- 



102 REPORT OF THE 

dient to borrow from another which circumstances may render less 
important. 

With great respect, I have the honor to be your obedient servant, 

ANDREW A. ITARWOOD, 

CI nef of Bureau. 
Hon. Gideon Wells, 

Secretary cf the Navy. 



Estimates of stems required to meet deficiencies in the appropriation for 
ordnance and ordnance stores for the naval service for the fiscal year 
ending June 30, 1861. 

For cannon $S,000 00 

For gun-carriages, rope, blocks, &c 8,000 00 

For projectiles 13,000 00 

For boat and field guns 5,000 00 

For laboratory stores, tanks, sights, locks, and screws. . 18,000 00 

For powder 18,000 00 

For labor at yards, besides that included in cost of articles 20,000 00 
For freight, transportation, telegraphing, printing, and 

contingent of all kinds 10,000 00 

100,000 00 

Very respectfully submitted by your obedient servant, 

A. A. HARWOOD. 
Hon. Gideon Welles, 

Secretary of the Navy. 

June 21, 1861. 



Estimates of the probable expenditures tender the direction of the Bureau 
of Ordnance and Hydrography, in addition to the sums appropriated 
for the fiscal year ending June 30, 18G2. 

For cannon $700,000 00 

For gun-carriages, rope, and blocks 500,000 00 

For projectiles 500,000 00 

For powder 500,000 00 

For boat and field guns 200,000 00 

For laboratory stores, powder-tanks, sights, locks, ele- 
vating screws, &c 250,000 00 

For labor at yards, besides that included in cost of 

articles 120,000 00 

For freight, transportation, telegraphing, printing, and 

contingentof all kinds CO, 000 00 

For small arms of all kinds, including swords 500,000 00 

For all other articles of ordnance stores and equipments 250,000 00 

3,580,000 00 



SECRETARY OF TIIE NAVY. 103 

The following appropriations are recommended: 

PORTSMOUTH, N. II. 

For building a powder-boat $400 00 

For laying a track for a hand-car between the magazine 

and the wharf 1,000 00 



NEW YORK. 



PHILADELPHIA . 



1,400 00 



BOSTON, MASS. 

For boats for gun-carriage shop $500 00 

For repairs of magazine and shell houses at Chelsea, 

and for building a house for watchman 4,000 00 

For repairs of ordnance stores, shell house in the yard, 

and gun skids 1,500 00 

For pay of four watchmen at the magazine „ 1,840 00 

7,840 00 



For machinery for the ordnance building, to carry on 

necessary work,. $2,500 00 

For building a machine shop B 50,000 00 

For machinery for same 30,000 00 

For repairs of all kinds 4,300 00 



86,800 00 



For shot beds and gun skids $700 00 

For building a small magazine in the navy yard for 

extraordinary occasions 700 00 



1,400 00 



WASHINGTON. 

For extension of ordnance buildings $60,000 00 



OBSERVATORY. 



Submitted by the superintendent, for the naval appropriation bill: 
that the unexpended sum in the treasury appropriated by the act 
approved March 3, 1859, for printing and publishing sailing direc- 
tions, hydrographical surveys, and astronomical observations, be, and 
is hereby, appropriated for the preparation of, and printing and pub- 



104 REPORT OF THE 

lication of, the results of hydrographical surveys, astronomical and 
other observations, made at the Naval Observatory. 
Very respectfully submitted by your obedient servant, 

A. A. HARWOOD, 
Chief of Bureau of Ordnance and Hydrography . 
Hon. Gideon Welles, 

Secretary of the Navy. 
June 21, 1861. 



No. 3. 

Navy Department, 
Bureau of Construction, dec, June 24, 1861. 

Sir : In compliance with your instructions of the 1st instant, it is 
respectfully submitted that for the supplemental estimate of the 
probable expenditures for the naval service for the remainder of the 
current fiscal year, coming under the cognizance of the Bureau of 
Construction, Equipment and Repair, there will be required as 
follows : 

For the pay of officers and men the sum of $339,200 is required. 

For the charter of vessels, their purchase, fitting for war service, 
reservations due on existing contracts, the fitting out of ships-of-war 
not included in the estimate for the current fiscal year, the sum of 
$3,866,000 is required. 

For the completion of the seven steam screw sloops-of-war and one 
side-wheel steamer authorized by the act of Congress approved April 
12, 1858, the sum of $91,439 82 is required, being the amount that 
was ashed for the last year, but which was not then appropriated. 

The further estimates of the probable expenditures during the fiscal 
year ending June 30, 1862, in addition to the appropriation already 
made, are as follows : 

For the pay of officers and men to be called into special service 
under the proclamation of the President, the sum of $6,840,000 will 
be required. 

For the completion of the seven steam screw sloops-of-war, authorized 
by the act of Congress approved February 21, 1861, the sum of 
$1,600,000 will be required. 

For the charter of steamers and vessels for war purposes and trans- 
portation, the purchase of additional steamers and transports, building 
steam screw gun-boats and armed express steamers, repairs of steam 
machinery, wear and tear of sailing and steam vessels and expenses 
connected therewith, the sum of $8,575,000 it is estimated will be 
required. 

For the purchase of fuel, with transportation and other expenses, 
the sum of $1,080,000 it is estimated will be required. 

For the purchase of hemp and cordage for the navy, the sum of 
$300,000 is estimated. 

For advertising in newspapers, postage on public letters, wharfage, 



SECRETARY OF THE NAVY. 105 

dockage, rent, travelling expenses of officers and others under orders, 
funeral expenses, packing boxes, promiscuous and other expenses of 
recruiting, apprehending deserters, pay of persons attending courts- 
martial and other services authorized by law, pilotage, towage, 
assisting vessels in distress, quarantine expenses, incidental labor not 
chargeable to the appropriation, the sum of $650,000 is estimated. 

It is respectfully recommended that there be a clerk and draughts- 
man, at $1,400 each, allowed to the office of engineer-in-chief, there 
being none attached to that office. Steam vessels composing a large 
portion of the naval force, the employment of such persons it is 
thought will be to the public interest. 

I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

JOHN LENTHALL, 

Chief of the Bureau. 
Hon. Gideon Welles, 

Secretary of the Navy. 



RECAPITULATION OF ESTIMATES. 

For the remainder of the current fiscal year for pay $339,200 00 
Increase, repairs, &c. - 3,860,000 00 
Completion of seven steam screw sloops and side- 
wheel steamer 91,439 82 



4,296,639 82 



For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1862 : 

Pay of men 6,840,000 00 

Completion of the steam screw sloops - - 1,600,000 00 

Increase, repairs, &c. - 8,575,000 00 

Fuel for steamers ----- 1,080,000 00 

Hemp for the navy ----- 300,000 00 

Contingent expenses - 650,000 00 

Total amount of estimates - 23,341,639 82 



No. 4. 

Bureau of Provisions and Clothing, 

June 4, 1861. 
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith, in obedience to your 
instructions of the 1st and 3d instant, supplemental estimates for the 
service of the navy during the remainder of the current fiscal year, 
and also for the fiscal year commencing on the 1st July, 1861, and 
ending June 30, 1862. 

I am, very respectfully, sir, your obedient servant, 

H. BRIDGE, Chief of Bureau. 
Hon. Gideon Welles, 

Secretary of the Navy. 



106 REPORT OF THE 

Supplemental estimates of the amount required for the support of the 
navy for the remainder of the current fiscal year, and the fiscal year 
commencing July 1, 1861, and ending June 30, 1862. 

One ration per day for 12,000 men esti- 
mated to be employed from 1st May to 
June 30, 1861—732,000 rations at 25 
cents each $183,000 00 

Deduct amount already estimated for 

8,500men 120,270 83 

$53,729 17 

One ration per day for 20,500 men would 
be, for the year, 0,672,500 ration, at 
25 cents each 2,418,125 00 

Deduct amount heretofore estimated for 

this object 775,625 00 

1,642,500 00 

One ration per day for 2,388 commission 
and warrant officers attached to ves- 
sels for sea service for the year, would be 
853,370 rations, at 25 cents each 213,342 50 

Deduct amount heretofore estimated for 

this object 68,437 50 

144,905 00 

One ration per day for 1,750 officers 
and marines attached to vessels for sea 
service would be 638,750 rations, at 

25 cents each 159,6S7 50 

Deduct amount heretofore estimated 68,437 50 

91,250 00 

Additional sum required for an estimated 
number of 12,471 men who may de- 
cline to draw the spirit portion of the 

ration 91,038 30 

Deduct amount heretofore estimated 29,200 00 

61,838 30 

To contingent , 212,000 00 

Deduct amount heretofore estimated 68,000 00 

144,000 00 

2,138,222 47 

H. BRIDGE, Chief of Bureau, 



SECRETARY OF THE NAVY. 107 

No. 5. 

Navy Department, 
Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, June 10, 1861. 

Sir: In reply to your communication of the 1st instant, I have the 
honor to submit the following exhibit of the financial condition of the 
medical department of the navy on that day ; and an estimate of the 
expenditure for the month of June, as well as a farther general esti- 
mate of the amount that may probably be required, additional to the 
appropriation made in the naval appropriation bill, approved February 
20, 1861, tor the fiscal year ending June 30, 1862. 

1. Balance of former appropriations for the medical 

department on hand June 1, 1861 $34,313 18 

Amount of bills unpaid and accruing up to June 1, 1861. 8,759 51 

Available June 1,1861 25,553 67 

Estimated expense for the month of June 13,000 00 

Leaving July 1 • 12,553 67 

Appropriation ior the fiscal year ending June 30, 1862. 35,550 00 

Total 48,103 67 



As the former estimates were based upon the condition of the navy 
under the various provisions of Congress, limiting the force to be em- 
ployed, they will prove inadequate to meet the extraordinary demands 
of the augmentation proposed to be made to the navy. 

The estimates of the bureau have hitherto been based upon an 
aggregate force of about 11.000 men. 

If the naval organization be expanded to 30,000, although our 
balance available is large, it is not deemed judicious, in view of the 
contingencies of naval operations to incur the risk ot any deficiencies 
in a department so essential to the effectiveness and well being of the 
military arm. 

I therefore suggest that Congress appropriate the further sum of 
$25,000; as the derails of service are not communicated, it is not in 
my power to state the particulars involving this additional expenditure. 

2. I avail myself of this opportunity to bring to the notice of the 
honorable Secretary of the Navy the inadequacy of the present number 
of medical officers to meet the immediate demands of the service, 
without taking into consideration the vessels now under construction 
for the naval service, or still less the probable additions that may be 
made by Congress. 

The law limits the medical corps to 69 surgeons and 80 passed and 
other assistant surgeons. Forty-two surgeons are now at sea ; the 
vessels fitting lor sea will embrace so large a portion of the remainder 
that it will be difficult to fill other important stations, or to make any 
provision for contingencies in the way of casualty or sickness. 

Owing to the numerous resignations and consequent promotions, 



108 REPORT OF THE 

&c, we are left with but 46 assistant surgeons in this period of emer- 
gence. A board of examination is now in session in New York, 
occupying the whole time of three surgeons, in the hope of filling the 
34 vacancies now existing in the grade of assistant surgeon. 

If we are successful in filling the vacancies, the whole number 
allowed will be insufficient to afford proper aid to the many vessels 
now deficient of complement, or preparing for sea, and to supply other 
important stations to which officers of this class are assigned. 

Beside the 42 surgeons employed at sea, our hospitals, navy-yards, 
recruiting stations, naval academy, laboratory, &c, afford active em- 
ployment to 20 surgeons ; two more are engaged on a board which 
will occupy at least two months, making a total of 6- of the 69, 
leaving at this moment but six available for the vessels preparing for 
sea, and to meet unexpected demands. 

Most of our hospitals and shore stations are without assistant sur- 
geons, though the duties at this time are unusually onerous, as it must 
be apparent that the surgeon when alone is without relief for any 
purpose whatever. 

I beg leave to recommend, therefore, in view of emergencies, that 
the number of surgeons be increased from 69 to 80 ; and of assistant 
surgeons from 80 to 120 ; the occasions being ample to afford employ- 
ment for that number, and to allow a margin to meet accidents, to 
which the medical officer is equally exposed with others. 
Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

W. WHELAN. 

Hon. Gideon Welles, 

Secretary of the Navy. 



No. 6. 

Headquarters Marine Corps, 

Washington, July 3, 1861. 

Sir : I transmit to the department herewith triplicate estimates 
from the paymaster of the corps for pay for the year ending June 30, 
1862, for the additional number of mea authorized to be enlisted in 
the marine corps by the President of the United States, under a pro- 
vision to the appropriation act, approved March 3, 1859. 

I am, sir, very respectfully, yours. 

Hon. Gideon Welles, 

Secretary of the Navy. 



Headquarters Marine Corps, 
Paymaster's Office, June 8, 1861. 

Sir : I enclose herewith estimates in triplicate for pay of an addi- 
tional number of non-commissioned officers, musicians, and privates 
of the United States marine corps, authorized by the President of the 
United States for the fiscal year endiug June 30, 1862. 



SECRETARY OF THE NAVY. 



109 



The balance of appropriation on account of pay for the present fiscal 
year, now unexpended, will, I think, he sufficient to meet any pay- 
ments likely to be required in consequence of this increase of the 
corps during the unexpired portion of the year. 
I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

WM. W. RUSSELL, 
Paymaster United States Marine Corps. 
Colonel John Harris, 

Commandant United States Marine Corps, headquarters. 



Supplemental estimate for pay of an additional number of non -commis- 
sioned officers, musicians, and privates of the United States marine 
corps authorized by tlie President of tlte United States, tinder a pro- 
viso to the naval appropriation act approved March 3, 18-49. from 
July 1, 1861, to June 30, 1802. 



Rank and grade. 



20 orderly sergeants 

40 sergeants 

100 corporals -. 

30 drummers 

30 nfers 

932 privates 



Pay per Total pay per 
month. annum. 



$20 


84,800 


17 


8,160 


13 


15,600 


12 


4,320 


12 


4,320 


11 


123,024 


160,224 



Respectfully submitted. 

WILLIAM W. RUSSELL, 

Paymaster U. S. Marine Corps. 

Headquarters Marine Corps, Paymaster's OJiie, June 8, 1861. 



Headquarters Marine Corps, Washington, July 3, 1861. 

Sir : I have the honor to enclose to the department triplicate sup- 
plemental estimates for the quartermaster's department of the marine 
corps for the fiscal year commencing July 1, 1861, and ending the 
30th June, 1862. 

I am, sir, very respectfully, yours, 

JOHN HARRIS, 

Colonel Commandant. 
Hon. G. Welles, 

Secretary of the Navy. 



110 REPORT OF THE 



Headquarters Marine Corps. 
Quartermaster's OJJice, Washington, June 5, 1861. 

Sir: Under instructions received, I respectfully submit herewith 
triplicate "supplemental estimates" for the support of the marine 
corps, quartermaster's department, for the fiscal year commencing 
July 1, 1861, and ending June 30, 1862. 

I am, very respectfully, vour obedient servant, 

W. B. SLACK, 
Quartermaster of Marine Corps. 
Colonel John Harris, 

Commandant Marine Corps, headquarters. 



Supplemental estimate. 



There will be required for the support of the quartermaster's de- 
partment, marine corps, in addition to the amount already appro- 
priated, for the fiscal year commencing July 1, 1861, and ending 
June 30, 1862, the sum of one hundred and thirty thousand five hun- 
dred and forty-four dollars. 

For provisions for 576 men, one-half the increase, at 20 

cents per day per man ----- $42,048 
For clothing for 1,152 men, the increase authorized, at $40 

por annum -____- 46,080 

For 1,152 watch-coats, at $9 each - 10,368 

For fuel for 576 men, one-half the increase, at H cord of 

wood per man per annum, at $7 per cord - - 6,048 

For military stores, purchase of accoutrements, haversacks, 

canteens, &c. ______ 6,000 

For transportation and expenses of recruiting - - 8,000 

For contingencies ------ 12,000 



130,544 



Respectfully submitted. 

W. B. SLACK, • 

Quartermaster of Marine Corps. 
Headquarters Marine CoRrs, 

Quartermaster' s OjJice, Washington, June 5, 1861. 



SECRETAKY OF THE NAVY. 



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